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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ КРЕМЕНЧУЦЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМЕНІ МИХАЙЛА ОСТРОГРАДСЬКОГО МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ ЩОДО ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ З НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ «ІСТОРІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ» ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІІ КУРСУ ДЕННОЇ ФОРМИ НАВЧАННЯ ЗА НАПРЯМОМ 6.020303 – «ФІЛОЛОГІЯ» КРЕМЕНЧУК 2013 3 Методичні вказівки щодо практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни «Історія англійської мови» для студентів ІІ курсу денної форми навчання за напрямом 6.020303– «Філологія» Укладач к. філол. наук, доц. Чрділелі Т.В. Рецензент к. філол. наук, доц. Пірог І.І. Кафедра перекладу Затверджено методичною радою Кременчуцького національного університету імені Михайла Остроградського Протокол № ___ від ___________ 2013 р. Голова методичної ради __________ проф. В.В. Костін 4 Методичні вказівки щодо практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни «Історія англійської мови» для студентів ІІ курсу денної форми навчання за напрямом 6.020303 – «Філологія» Укладач к. філол. наук, доц. Чрділелі Т.В. Відповідальний за випуск зав. кафедри перекладу доц. І.І. Пірог Підп. до др._________. Формат 60х84 1/16. Папір тип. Друк ризографія. Ум. друк. арк._________. Наклад____прим. Зам. № __________. Безкоштовно. Видавничий відділ Кременчуцького національного університету імені Михайла Остроградського вул. Першотравнева, 20, м. Кременчук, 39600 5 ЗМІСТ Вступ.............................................................................................................................4 1 Теми та погодинний розклад практичних занять і самостійної роботи .............5 2 Перелік практичних занять......................................................................................6 Практичне заняття № 1 History of English as science. Periods in the English language history..............................................................................................................6 Практичне заняття № 2 Historical Background and Old English Writings...........................7 Практичне заняття № 3 Old English phonetics: Word-Stress. Vowels ...............................9 Практичне заняття № 4 Old English Grammar. The Substantive. The Pronoun. The Adjective. The Verb.........................................................................................………11 Практичне заняття № 5 Old English Wordstock. The Syntax. .....................................14 Практичне заняття № 6 Middle English Period........................................................15 Практичне заняття № 7 Formation of the National Language.............................................17 3 Питання до іспиту..................................................................................................19 4 Критерії оцінювання знань студентів…………………………………………..22 Список літератури....................................................................................................23 Додаток А Reader.....................................................................................................24 6 ВСТУП Зміст навчальної дисципліни. У курсі вивчення «Історії англійської мови» висвітлюються проблеми періодизації історії мови, особливості фонології і фонетичних процесів на всіх етапах розвитку англійської мови, граматична структура мови від давнини до її сучасного стану, виникнення і відмирання граматичних категорій, закономірності змін синтаксичної структури, словосполучення і речення. Мета навчальної дисципліни забезпечити студентів глибокими знаннями з історії мовознавства, з лінгвістичних проблем у синхронії та діахронії; охарактеризувати англійську мову на ранніх стадіях її розвитку; прослідкувати розвиток мови від староанглійської до сучасної; пояснити основні риси мови з точки зору її історичного розвитку. Завдання курсу з історії англійської мови. Вивчення історії мови є шляхом до розуміння законів розвитку мови, питань про роль граматичної будови та словникового складу мови, про зміни, які відбуваються в мові. У результаті вивчення дисципліни студент повинен знати: лексичні та граматичні особливості англійської мови як результат її історичного розвитку, діалектизми на різних рівнях мови, розбіжності у написанні та вимові, етимологію ідіоматичних висловів; уміти: дати етимологічні пояснення тим особливим явищам у фонетиці, граматиці, лексиці сучасної англійської мови, які вважаються винятком з правил. При підготовці до практичних занять та вивченні тем, винесених на самостійне опрацювання, студенти користуються даними методичними вказівками згідно з погодинним розкладом практичних занять і самостійної роботи. 7 1 ТЕМИ ТА ПОГОДИННИЙ РОЗКЛАД ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ І САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ № пор. 1 Денна форма навчання Тема К-сть год. К-сть год. (практ.) СРС History of English as science. Periods in the 2 4 English language history. 2 Historical Background and Old English Writings 2 4 3 Old English phonetics: Word-Stress. Vowels 2 4 4 Old English Grammar. The Substantive. The 2 3 Pronoun. The Adjective. The Verb. 5 Old English Wordstock. The Syntax 2 4 6 Middle English Period 2 3 7 Formation of the National Language 2 4 Усього годин за семестр 14 26 8 2 ПЕРЕЛІК ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗAНЯTЬ Практичне заняття № 1 Тема. History of English as science. Periods in the English language history Мета: to find out the connection of the English language history with other disciplines; to try to answer how the evolution of the language can be affected by or be dependent upon the history of the people who speak it. Короткі теоретичні відомості A knowledge of the history of English will give you a better insight into the grammar and phonetics of Modern English and explain the strange makeup of its vocabulary. In addition, a study of how historical events have affected the English language will highlight many of the sociolinguistic principles that we discuss on this course. Traditionally the history of the development the English language is divided into three main periods: 1. The Old English Period (OE) 449 - 11 century (1066) 2. The Mid English Period (ME) 11 century – 15 century 3.The New English Period (NE) 15 century – up to now Завдання до теми 1. The subject of the English language history: а) the purpose of the history of English; в) connection of history of English with other disciplines (history, grammar, phonetics, lexicology, translation etc.); с) internal and external causes of the English language development; laws of language development; the comperative-historical method in linguistics. 2. Different approaches to language development. Synchrony and diachrony. 3. Periods in the English language history: а) Henry Sweet (1845-1912) and his division of the English language history; 9 в) important events in the social and political life of England as boundaries between the periods on the English language development; с) general characteristics of the main periods in the English language history. 4. Text The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Контрольні питання 1. Explain why linguistic changes are always slow and gradual. While answering recall the functions of language and its main properties. 2. Supply the examples to show the connection of the English language history with other disciplines. Try to answer how the evolution of the language can be affected by or be dependent upon the history of the people who speak it. 3. Explain the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation, if any, in the words given below bearing in mind the original values of Latin letter thought, note, nut, neat, knight, loved, nature, riser. Література: [1; 3; 4; 9]. Пактичне заняття № 2 Тема. Historical Background and Old English Writings Мета: to analyse the Old English writing according to Old English dialects. Короткі теоретичні відомості About 500 B.C., Britain was invaded by Celtic tribes, who ruled the islands undisputed for about 500 years. In 43 A.D., however, the islands were invaded by Emperor Claudius and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. Britain was totally conquered except for Scotland where the Celtic Scots and non-Indo-European Picts reigned sovereign. When the Roman empire collapsed and the Roman legionaries went home, they left a power vacuum in Britain. The Scots and Picts advanced southwards and the weak Celts could not keep them back. The distressed Celts decided to seek help from three Germanic tribes living in present-day southern Denmark and north-western Germany. This proved to be a fatal mistake: the three Germanic tribes called the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes did not only conquer the 10 Scots, but seeing that the islands were fertile they pushed the weakened Celts to the peripheries of the island (Wales, Cornwall and Ireland) and took the land for themselves. By 600A.D. the victory was complete and Englaland and English was born. Завдання до теми 1. Pre-Germanic Britain. Beginning of English early feudalism in Britain. Christianity. 2. The runic alphabet and runic inscriptions. 3. Old English manuscripts: the Latin alphabet in Old English. Old English manuscripts written in Latin characters. 4. Old English dialects and principal Old English written records. 5. King Alfred's (849-900) activities. 6. Old English poetry: Literature in Wessex dialect in the 9-10th centuries. 7. Text Orosius. Контрольні питання 1. Draw the map of Old English from «The history of the English language» by Ivanova I.P. and Chakhoyan L.P. into your note-books. 2. Memorise the following Old English writing according to Old English dialects. Kentisch 8th century: Names in Latin Characters Glosses to Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people. 9th century: Charters. 10th centuries: Kentish Hymn Psalm Glosses to Proverbs. West Saxon 9th century: Alfred's literary activity. 10-11th century: Alfric's works; Gosps, Homilies, Lives of Saints, Latin Grammar, etc. Northumbrian 8th century: Runic and inscriptions. Beowulf and other poems. 9th century: Glosses in Gospels; the Rushworth 11 10-11th century: Gospel, the Durham Ritual. 3. Use the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English to explain the meaning of the following words: gloss, charter, gospel, homily, chronicle, ritual, psalm, apostle. Література: [1; 3; 9]. Практичне заняття № 3 Тема. Old English phonetics: Word-Stress. Vowels Мета: to find out about the Old English phonetics. Короткі теоретичні відомості In general the length of OE vowels was their phonemic feature, but in few cases it could develop as a result the positional change of sounds: 1) the dropping of nasals: m, n were dropped before h, f, s, θ which caused lengthening of the preceeding vowel by compensation: Goth uns – OE ūs; fimf – fīf; 2) contraction: dropping of /h/ in the intervocal position fohan fōn, hohan hōn. Quite often contraction might produce a long diphthong: slahan sleahan sēān; sehan seohan sēān; tihan teohan tēōn. 3) nasalisation: narrowing of a vowel before the following nasal, which characteristic of Wessex- Saxon dialect: land lond; mann monn (also lånd, månn as graphical variants). OE consonants can be described on the following grounds: 1) place of articulation: labial /p, b, m, f, v/; dental /t, d, þ, ð, n, s, r, l/; media-lingual /k’, g’, x’/; back-lingual (velar) /k, g, x,/; pharyngeal /h/. 2) the manner of articulation: stops /p, b, t, d, k, g, k’/; fricatives /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, x, x’/. 3) voice: voiced /b, d, g, ð, v, z/; voiceless /p, t, k, θ, f, s/. 4) length: short (single) consonants /s, t, f, g/; long consonants (geminates) /ss, ff, tt, gg/ 12 Завдання до теми 1. Word-stress in Old English. 2. System of vowels: a) short front vowel phonemes i, e, y, æ; b) long front vowel phonemes: i = [i:],e = [e:], æ = [æ:],e = [y:]; c) short back vowel phonemes: a, u, o, a (before m, n); d) long back vowel phonemes: a = [a:],u = [u:],o = [o:]; e) short diphthongs: ea = [æa], eo = [eo], ie = [ie], io = [io]; f) long diphthongs: ea = [æ:a], eo = [e:o], io = [i:o], ie = [i:e]. 3. The main Processes in the Old English vowel System: а) Old English Fracture (Breaking); в) Mutation, or Umlaut; с) Palatalisation; d) Vowel Lengthening; e) Contraction. 4. The system of consonants. 5. The Reading of Old English Charters. Контрольні питання 1. Did word-stress in Old English always fall on the rootmorpheme? What regular place of word-stress can you point out? Give some similar examples from Modern English. 2. Name the phoneme combinations that caused fracture in the Wessex words listed below. State what the original sounding of the fractured words was: cealf (calf), leormin (learn), beard (beard), steorfan (starve), beorzan (keep), beorth (bright), sealh (seal), sweord (sword), wearm (warm). 3. State with reference to the back umlaut in the Old English words listed below: a) what the original root vowel was; b) by what phoneme the diphthongisation was caused; c) why the diphthongisation could not have been caused by fracture: meold (meal, grain); Seoluc (silk); Heofon (heaven); beadu-weorc (fight); beofor (beaver); eoton (grain). 13 4. State in which instances the root vowel was lengthened and why. Explain the short vowel in 5 and 6. 1. sund (sound); 2. midle (mild); 3. be-hindan (behind); 4. hundred (hundred); 5. hindrian (keep back). 5. What traces of palatal mutation can be found in the weak verbs? Література: [ 4; 6; 11]. Практичне заняття № 4 Тема. Old English Grammar. The Substantive. The Pronoun. The Adjective. The Verb Мета: to find out about the peculiarities of Old English grammar. Короткі теоретичні відомості A noun pattern consisted of a noun as a head word and pronouns, adjectives including verbal adjectives or participle, etc. Most noun modifiers agreed with the noun in gender, number and case, e.g., On Pæm oþ rum prim da 3 um. – on those other days (datum, mascul.) A verb pattern included a great variety of depended components: nouns, pronouns in oblique cases (косвен) with or without prepositions, adverbs, invinitive, participle, e.g., Hē sealed hit hys māder. – He gave it to his mother. The simple sentence had its principle and secondary parts, e. g., Hē was suy ðe spedis mann.- He was a very rich man. The common was ne before the verb and it was often accompanied by other negative words – nāht (ніхто), noht (ніщо) Завдання до теми 1. Nominal Grammatical categories: gender, number, case in Old English. 2. Noun declensions: a-stem, o-stems, i-stems, u-stems, n-stems, root-stems nouns. 3. The Pronoun: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive relative pronouns. 4. The adjective: declensions (strong and weak); degrees of comparison; form building 14 means of degrees. 5. Grammatical categories of the verb. a) The categories of finite forms (number, person, mood, tense). Verb conjugation. b) The categories of non-finite forms. Participle I. The Infinitive, Participle II. c) The problem of voice distinctions in Old English. d) The problems of aspect in Old English. e) Analytical forms in Old English. 6. Morphological classification of verbs: a) General division. b) Strong verbs (7 classes).Weak verbs (3 classes). c) Suppletive, anomalous, preterite-present verbs. 7. Text: The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part I. 8. Text The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part II. Контрольні питання 1. Drew the tables of Old English noun, pronoun and adjective declensions into your notebooks and have them at hand while declining Old English noun, pronouns and adjectives. 2. Divide the following Old English a-stem words of neuter gender into 4 groups according to whether they do or don't take the suffix-u in the Nominative and Accusative plural: bæc (back), bord (board), ban (bone), bread (bread), brozen (brain), bodiz (body), clif (cliff), fel (skin), fyz (fire), glæss (glass), glæs (grass), zod (present) zamen (game), heofod (head), hus (house), iren (iron), leaf (leaf), lead (lead), tacen (taken), wæter (water). 3. Change the following Old English masculine Nominative singular forms of the adjectives into feminine, adding the suffix-u wherever necessary: treowe (true), aen (own), hal (whole), wild (wild), del (idle), lytel (little), yiel (evie), fæst (foat), ful (full), od (good), softe (soft), steap (steap). 4. Account for the interchange of vowels in the forms of the degrees of comparison: smæl smælra smalost NE slender hēah hīerra NE high hīehst 15 brād brādra brādost NE broad brædra brædest 5. Memorise the Summary Table and four main stems of the Old English strong verbs. SUMMARY TABLE Grammatical Categories Finite Forms Non-Finite Forms Mood Indicative, Imperative Subjunctive — Tense Voice Number Person Past,Present — Singular and Plural lst, 2nd, 3rd distinguished in the — Participle Indicative Mood Singular — Case — Infinitive (two forms) and Gender — Participle Participle 6. Make up the Principal forms of the following verbs of class III: windan (twist); rindan (grind), beinah (begin). 7. Memorise three main forms of weak verbs: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite Tense and Participle II. e.g. hieren (to hear) - hierde - hiered. 8. Explain how the three main classes of weak verbs were differentiated in Old English taking into consideration the forms of the following verbs: tellan – tealde – teald; macian - macode – macod; libban – lifde - lifd. 9. Conjugate the verb helpan in the Present Tense. 10. Did the Old English verb have as many grammatical categories as the Modern English verb? Література: [ 4; 6; 11]. 16 Практичне заняття № 5 Tема. Old English Wordstock. The Syntax Мета: to find out about Old English etymology; peculiarities of the wordformation and syntax. Короткі теоретичні відомості Old English was a purely Germanic language. There were, however, some influences from other languages on the vocabulary. There are 3 layers (chronologically) of borrowings: • the earliest (oldest) - belongs to the time when the A.-S. tribes still lived on the continent and traded with the Romans. We find word relating to trade: money, mill, cheese, pear, cherry, pound, inch. • even less numerous layer; it is related to the period when the A.-S. came to the British Isles came in contact with the Celts, but since the contact was not very close, we don’t find many Celtic words, but we find some Latin words borrowed from the Romanized Celts: sheet, Chester (cestrum = лагерь), wall and some geographical names: Winchester, Lincoln = colonium. • words which came into the OE language with learning and through religion: specially religious words: bishop, archangel, devil; some everyday words: clerk; some words were borrowed as translated loans: gospel. Завдання до теми 1. Etymology: a) native words; b) borrowings (Latin, Celtic). 2. Morphological, syntactic and semantic types of word-formation. 3. Semantic and stylistic characteristics of the Old English word-stock: a) stylistically neutral words; b) poetic words; c) learned words. 4. Word order. Simple and complex sentences. 17 5. Text The Will of Badanoth Beotting. Контрольні питання 1. What old English affixes have served in Middle English? 2. Read and translate the text The Will of Badanoth Beotting. Speak about the wordstock used in it from the point of view of its etymology, wordformation, semantic and stylistic characteristics. 3. Which forms of the nouns originated due to palatal mutation? Describe their history in Early OE. 4. Prove that suppletion is an ancient way of form-building that can be traced to PIE. 5. Define the form and class of the verbs and nouns in the following phrases and reconstruct their initial forms: Nom. sg of nouns and the Infinitive of the verbs: ... wīciað Finnas ... fōr hē... þa Beormas spræcon... Ōhthere mētte ...hē bād... his ēaan þŷstrodon... hē clypode... wē willað secan... Література: [ 4; 6; 11; 9]. Практичне заняття № 6 Tема. Middle English Period Мета: to study the peculiarities of English language in the Middle English period. Короткі теоретичні відомості The Middle English period begins with the Norman conquest at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when the duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, defeated King Harold and became king of England. The Norman invasion England in 1066, brought French (F) into England. The Normans (North-men, descendants of Danes), spoke a French influenced by Germanic dialect. This dialect was Norman French. This led to the unusual situation, in which the common people spoke one language (English), and the aristocrats another (Norman French). Naturally, the two languages gradually began to mix into what we now call Middle English. 18 Perhaps as a result of the influence of French pronunciation patterns, unstressed vowels were gradually lost in English. This phonological change had extreme consequences on the grammar of English. English thus changed from being a synthetic language to become an analytic language: – the loss of inflections; – loss of grammatical gender; – loss of case system; – less freedom in word order; – greater use of prepositions. Завдання до теми 1. Scandinavian and Norman conquests influence on the development of the English language. 2. Dialects. Rise of the London dialect. 3. Classification of literary documents. 4. Changes in the verb conjugation. Number and person. 5. Middle English phonetics: a) vowels; Great vowel shift; b) consonants . 6. Changes in the morphological classes of Middle English strong and weak verbs. 7. The development of verbal categories. 8. Text The Knights Tale. Контрольні питання 1. What historical conditions account for increased dialectal divergence in Early ME? 2. Compare the position of the Old Scandinavian and Anglo-Norman (French) in Early ME. 3. Describe the development of analytical verb forms from modal phrases. 4. Explain the presence of different plural endings in the forms of Middle English verbs. 5. Conjugate the verb been (ME). 19 6. In what respects was the OE verb system "simpler" than the Mod E system? 7. Determine the class of the following strong verbs and supply the missing principal forms: Pres. Tense Past sg. Past pl. Part. II NE stelan ? ? ? steal ? scān ? shine ? ? æton ? eat ? ? ? sunen sing ceorfan ? ? ? carve wearð wurdon worden 'become' sanc ? ? sink ? ? ? liden glide ? wōc ? ? wake ? ? ? bacen bake Література: [4; 6; 5; 8]. Практичне заняття № 7 Tема. Formation of the National Language Мета: to study internal and external causes which favoured the growth of the national literary language. Короткі теоретичні відомості Two major factors that influenced the language and served to separate Middle and Modern English were the Great Vowel Shift and the advent of the printing press. The Great Vowel Shift was a change in pronunciation that began around 1400. During the next two centuries there was a great influx of people into the London region and the different dialects began to affect the pronunciation patterns of the standard. While modern English speakers can read Chaucer with some difficulty, Chaucer's pronunciation 20 would have been completely unintelligible to the modern ear. Shakespeare, on the other hand, would be accented, but understandable. In short we can summarise the vowel shift as a process which led to long vowel sounds being raised and diphthongised. Chaucer's Lyf (pronounced /lif/), for example became the modern life. The principal changes were roughly the following — though exceptions occur; the transitions were not always complete. /a:/ -> /e:/ (in e.g. make) /e:/ -> /i:/ (in e.g. feet) /i:/ -> /ai/ (in e.g. mice) /o:/ -> /u:/ (in e.g. boot) /u:/ -> /au/ (in e.g. mouse) The last major factor in the development of Modern English was the advent of the printing press. William Caxton brought the printing press to England in 1476 which brought standardization to English. Note that much of this standardization in spelling took place before the Great Vowel shift was completed, and old pronunciation patterns are often reflected in English spelling. Завдання до теми 1. The London dialect as a basis of the National English Language. 2. The formation of the spoken and written standards. 3. The spread of English in the Middle English period. 4. Shakespeare's Language. 5. Lexics and borrowings. Контрольні питання 1. Account for the shift of the dialect type of the speech of London in the 14 th c. 2. Describe the events of external history which favoured the growth of the national literary language. 3. Analyse the country of borrowing words. magazine, waltz, microscope, locate, transparent, landscape, marine, restaurant, pollute, evident. Література: [4; 6; 5; 10]. 21 3 ПИТАННЯ ДО ІСПИТУ 1. The subject of the English language history: а) the purpose of the history of English; в) connection of history of English with other disciplines (history, grammar, phonetics, lexicology, translation etc.); с) internal and external causes of the English language development; laws of language development; the comperative-historical method in linguistics. 2. Different approaches to language development. Synchrony and diachrony. 3. Periods in the English language history: а) Henry Sweet (1845-1912) and his division of the English language history; в) important events in the social and political life of England as boundaries between the periods on the English language development; с) general characteristics of the main periods in the English language history. 4. Pre- Germanic Britain. Beginning of English Early feudalism in Britain. Christianity. 5. The runic alphabet and runic inscriptions. 6. Old English manuscripts: the Latin alphabet in Old English. Old English manuscripts written in Latin characters. 7. Old English dialects and principal Old English written records. 8. King Alfred's (849-900) activities. 9. Old English poetry: Literature in Wessex dialect in the 9-10th centuries. 10. Word-stress in Old English. 11. System of vowels: a) short front vowel phonemes i, e, y, æ; b) long front vowel phonemes: i = [i:],e = [e:], æ = [æ:],e = [y:]; c) short back vowel phonemes: a, u, o, a (before m, n); d) long back vowel phonemes: a = [a:],u = [u:],o = [o:]; e) short diphthongs: ea = [æa], eo = [eo], ie = [ie], io = [io]; f) long diphthongs: ea = [æ:a], eo = [e:o], io = [i:o], ie = [i:e]. 12. The main Processes in the Old English vowel System: 22 а) Old English Fracture (Breaking); в) Mutation, or Umlaut; с) Palatalisation; d) Vowel Lengthening; e) Contraction. 13. The system of consonants. 14. Nominal Grammatical categories: gender, number, case in Old English. 15. Noun declensions: a-stem, o-stems, i-stems, u-stems, n-stems, root-stems nouns. 16. The Pronoun: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive relative pronouns. 17. The adjective: declensions (strong and weak); degrees of comparison; form building means of degrees. 18. Grammatical categories of the verb: a) the categories of finite forms (number, person, mood, tense). Verb conjugation; b) the categories of non-finite forms. Participle I. The Infinitive, Participle II; c) the problem of voice distinctions in Old English; d) the problems of aspect in Old English; e) analytical forms in Old English. 19. Morphological classification of verbs: a) general division; b) strong verbs (7 classes).Weak verbs (3 classes); c) suppletive, anomalous, preterite-present verbs. 20. Etymology: a) native words; b) borrowings (Latin, Celtic). 21. Morphological, syntactic and semantic types of word-formation. 22. Semantic and stylistic characteristics of the Old English word-stock: a) stylistically neutral words; b) poetic words; c) learned words. 23. Word order. Simple and complex sentences. 23 24. Scandinavian and Norman conquests influence on the development of the English language. 25. Dialects. Rise of the London dialect. 26. Classification of literary documents. 27. Changes in the verb conjugation. Number and person. 28. Middle English phonetics: a) vowels; Great Vowel Shift; b) consonants . 29. Changes in the morphological classes of Middle English strong and weak verbs. 30. The development of verbal categories. 31. The London dialect as a basis of the National English Language. 32. The formation of the spoken and written standards. 33. The spread of English in the Middle English period. 34. Shakespeare's Language. 35. Lexics and borrowings. Практичні завдання 1. Text: The Knights Tale. 2. Text: The Will of Badanoth Beotting. 3. Text: The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part I. 4. Text: The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part II. 5. The Reading of Old English Charters. 6. Text: Orosius. 7. Text: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 24 КРИТЕРІЇ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЗНАНЬ СТУДЕНТА З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ «ІСТОРІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ» 2 КУРС Лекції 10 Поточний контроль 50 Модульна к/р – Практичні заняття 20 Іспит Загалом Відвідування – 7 20 100 10 Конспект - 5 ККР – 20 Активність - 8 Реферат – 10 Опитування - 10 25 СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ 1. Алексеева Л.С. Введение в германскую филологию. – М.: ВШ, 1964.– 465с. 2. Аракин В.Д. Очерки по истории английского языка. – М.: 1965.– 400 с. 3. Арсеньева Л.С. Введение в германскую филологию. – М.: ВШ, 1980.–345 с. 4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб. : «Лань», 1999. – 466 с. 5. Лінський С.С. Історія англійської літературної мови. – Дніпропетровськ : ДДУ, 1976. – 367 с. 6. Расторгуева И.А., Жданова И.Ф. Нistory of the English Language. – М.: 1972. – 398 с. 7. Смирницкий А.Г. История английского языка. – М.: 1965. – 470 с. 8. Ярцева В.Н. Развитие национального литературного английского языка. – М.: 1969. – 456 с. 9. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language. – Cambridge, 1999. – 897 с. 10.Gramley, St., Pätzold, K-M. A survey of Modern English. – London. : Routledge, 1996. – 656 с. 11. Ilyish B.A. History of the English Language. – M.: Просвещение,1973.– 457 с. 12. Wyld C.A. History of Modern Colloquial English. – Oxford :1953. – 389 с. 26 Додаток А READER OLD ENGLISH TEXTS. ANALYSIS. EXTRA INFORMATION. SOME FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR To modern eyes and ears, Old English grammar provides a fascinating mixture of the familiar and the unfamiliar. The word order is much more varied than it would be in Modern English, bur there are several places where it is strikingly similar. Adjectives usually go before their nouns, as do prepositions, articles, and other grammatical words, just as they do today. Sometimes, whole sentences are identical in the order of words, or nearly so, as can be seen from the word-for-word translation in the Cædmon text below. The main syntactic differences affect the placing of the verb, which quite often appears before the subject, and also at the very end of the clause – a noticeable feature of this particular story. In Modern English, word order is relatively fixed. The reason Old English order could vary so much is that the relationships between the parts of the sentence were signalled by other means. Like other Germam languages, Old English was inflected: the job a word did in the sentence was signalled by the kind of ending it had. Today, most of these inflections have died away leaving the modern reader with the major task of getting used to the word endings, in order to understand the Old English texts. It is necessary to learn the different forms taken by the verbs, nouns, pronouns adjectives, and the definite article. The irregular verbs which change their form from present to past tense, are a particular problem (as they continue to be, foreign learners), because there are so many more them. Nonetheless, it should be plain from reading the glosses to the Cædmon extract that present-day English speakers already have a 'feel' for Old English grammar. THE CÆDMON STORY Old English prose provides the clearest way in to analysing the grammar of the language. This extract is from an Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History (Book 4, Ch. 24). It tells the story of Cædmon, the unlettered cowherd who became England's first Christian poet, sometime in the late 7th century. The translation dates from the late 9th century. 27 wæs he se mon in weoruldhade geseted oð þa tide þe he Was he the man in secular life settled until the time that he Wæs gelyfdre ylde; ond he næfre nænig leoð geleornode, ond he was of-advanced age; and he never any poem learned, and he for þon oft in gebeorscipe, þonne þær wæs blisse intinga therefore often at banquet, when there was of-joy occasion gedemed, þæt heo ealle sceolden þurh endebyrdnesse be hearpan decided, that they all should by arrangement with harp singan, þonne he geseah þa hearpan him nealecan, þonne aras he losing, when he saw the harp him approach, then arose he for scome from þæm symble, ond ham eode to his huse. þa he for shame from the feast, and home went to his house. When he þæt þa sumre tide dyde, þæt he forlet þæt hus þæs that a certain time did, that he left the house of the gebeorscipes, ond ut wæs gongende to neata scipene, banquet, and out was going to of-cattle stall þara heord him wæs þære neahte beboden; þa he ða þær of which keeping him was that night entrusted; when he there in gelimplice tide his leomu on reste gesette ond onslepte, at suitable time his limbs at rest set and fell asleep. þa stod him sum mon æt þurh swefn, ond hine halette then stood him a certain man beside in dream, and him hailed ond grette, ond hine be his noman nemnde, 'Cedmon, sing me and greeted, and him by his name called. 'Cædmon, sing me hwæthwugu.' þa ondswarede he, ond cwæð, 'Ne con ic noht something.' Then answered he, and said, 'Not can I nothing singan; ond ic for þon of þeossum gebeorscipe ut eode ond hider sing; and I for that from this banquet out went and hither gewat, for þon ic naht singan ne cuðe.' Eft he cwæð, came, because I nothing to sing not knew how. 'Again he spoke, 28 se ðe wið hine sprecende wæs, 'Hwæðre þu meaht me he that with him speaking was, 'However you can for-me singan.' þa cwæð he, 'Hwæt sceal ic singan?' Cwæs he, 'Sing sing.' Then said he, 'What shall I sing?' Said he, 'Sing me frumsceaft.' þa he ða. þas andsware onfeng, þa ongon he me creation.' When he this answer received, then began he sona singan in herenesse Codes Scyppendes, þa fers immediately to sing in praise of God Creator, those verses ond þa word þe he næfre gehyrde... and those words that he never had heard... WÆS HE SE MON... – Analysis wæs The past tense of the verb 'be' has changed little since Old English times, apart from the loss of the plural ending. • wæs 'was' 1st/3rdsg. wære 'were' 2nd sg. wæron 'were' 1st/2nd/3rd pl. The present tense forms, however, show several differences. To begin with, Old English had two sets of words expressing the notion of 'be', one parallel to Latin esse and the other to Latin fui. • wæsan eom 1st sg. eart 2nd sg. is 3rd sg. sind (on) 1st/2nd/3rd pl. • bēōn bēōn 1st sg. bist 2nd sg. bið 3rd sg. 29 bēōð 1st /2nd /3rd pl. There were also subjunctive, imperative, and participial forms of both verbs. There seem to have been several differences in the way the two sets of verbs were used, though there is insufficient evidence to draw up hard-and-fast rules. The bēōn forms were preferred in habitual and repetitive contexts, and especially when there was a future implication. Ælfric's Latin Grammar actually equates eom, eart, is, to Latin sum, es, est, and bēō, bist, bið to erō, eris, erit. There is a clear example of this difference in one of the Homilies, where the speaker addresses the Holy Trinity: ðu ðe æfre wære, and æfre bist, and nu eart, an ælmihtig God... — you who always were, and ever will be, and now are, one almighty God... hē The personal pronoun system had more members than we find in Modern English, and several of them are well illustrated in this extract (the numbers below refer to lines). Modern equivalent forms are given below, but these do not capture the way in which the pronouns were used in Old English, where gender is grammatical: for example, bōc 'book' is feminine, and would be referred to as heo 'she', whereas mægden 'girl' is neuter, and would be referred to as hit. • ic 'I' nom. mē 'me' acc. / dat. mīn 'my, mine' gen. • wē 'we' nom. ūs 'us' acc./dat. ūre 'our(s)' gen. • þū 'thou' (sg.) nom. þē 'thee' acc./dat. þīn 'thy, thine' gen. • gē 'ye' (pl) nom. ēōw 'you' acc./dat. ēōwer 'your(s)' gen. 30 • hē 'he' nom. hine 'him' acc. his 'his' gen. him '(to) him' dat. • hēō 'she' nom. hī 'her' acc. hire 'her(s)' gen. hire '(to) her' dat. • hit 'it' nom./acc. his 'its' gen. him '(to) it' dat. • hi/hēō 'they/them' nom./acc. hira 'their(s)' gen. him '(to) them' dat. In addition, the language showed the remains of a 'dual' personal pronoun system, but only in the 1st and 2nd persons. The 1st person form meant 'we two' (nom. wit, acc./dat. unc, gen. uncer); the 2nd person form 'you two' (nom. git, acc./dat. inc, gen. incer). This disappeared by the 13th century. There are obvious correspondences with the modern pronouns in most cases, but not between the old and modern sets of 3rd person plural forms. The West Saxon forms were supplanted by Scandinavian forms some time after the Norman Conquest, perhaps because people felt they needed to make a clear difference in pronunciation between the 3rd person singular and plural forms - him, in particular, must have been a source of confusion. Whatever the reason, Viking influence prevailed, and the modern English forms now begin with th-. Se Old English nouns may be masculine, feminine, or neuter, regardless of the biological sex of their referents. They also appear in nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative forms depending on their function in the clause. The nominative masculine form of the definite 31 article, se, is seen here with mon (a common spelling for man); the equivalent feminine form, seo, would be found with hearpe 'harp'; and the equivalent neuter form, ðæt, would be found with hus. Other forms of the article can be seen in the extractthough it should be noted that articles are not used as much as they would be in Modern English: • þā The acc. sg. form of seo, following the preposition oð 'until', or as object of the verb. It also appears as the acc. pl. of þæt (19, 20). • þæm (6) The dat. sg. of þæt, following the preposition from. • þæs (7) The gen. sg. of þæt. ... geseted (verbs) There are three main kinds of Modern English verbs, and all three can be traced back to Old English. 1. Those forming their past tense by adding -ed to the root form of the present tense: jump/jumped. Then as now, the majority of verbs are of this type. 2. Those forming their past tense by changing a vowel in the root form of the present tense: see/saw. These are called vocalic or 'strong' verbs in Old English grammars, and the patterned changes in vowel quality which they display are described as vowel gradation or ablaut. 3. Wholly irregular forms, such as can, will, and be. Verb inflections The modern verb has very few inflectional endings. Past tense for regular verbs is marked by the -ed suffix in all persons; and in the present tense only the 3rd person singular is distinctive (-s). Old English made far more distinctions, as can be seen from the following paradigm (variation between different classes of verbs is not shown): Present tense ic lufie 'I love' þū lufast 'you (sg.) love' hē/hēō/hit lufað 'he/she/it loves' wē, gē, hī lufiað 'we/you (pl.) they love' 32 Past tense ic lufode 'I loved' þu lufodest 'you (sg.) loved' hē/hē/hit lufode 'he/she/it loved' wē, gē, hī lufodon 'we/you (pl.)/they loved' Some of the present tense endings weakened and disappeared soon after the Old English period. But the 2nd and 3rd person singular forms stayed on, developing into the familiar est and -eth forms of Middle English (lovest, loveth). There were several other distinctive inflectional features of the Old English verb: • The infinitive:-an or -ian was added to the root. Examples in the Caedmon text include singan 'to sing' and nealecan '(to) approach' (5). The infinitive of 'love' was lufian.The use of a suffix to mark the infinitive was lost during the Middle English period, and the particle to came to be used as an alternative marker. • The -ing form: the equivalent form was -end(e). Examples in the text are gongende (8) 'going' and sprecende (16) 'speaking'. This form hardly survives the beginning of the Middle English period, being replaced by the -ing(e) ending which in Old English had been restricted to nouns. • The-ed form: this shows the same kind of vowel changes and endings we see today, but it also had a special prefix, ge- (as in all other West Germanic languages): the form is well represented in the Cædmon text, being a past narrative -see geseted 'settled' (1), geleornode 'learned' (2), etc. It stays well into Middle English, but is lost by c. 1500, apart from in archaisms (such as yclept 'called'). • The subjunctive: unlike in Modern English, this mood was systematically used, but it had far fewer endings than the indicative. It can be seen especially in subordinate clauses expressing a subjective attitude. Plural forms in both present and past tenses have a distinctive -en ending. An example in the text is sceolden 'should' (4). From King Alfred's translation of the WORLD HISTORY by Orosius (9th c.) Read the text and the translation. Study the models of analysis and the commentary. OHTHERE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE AROUND THE NORTH CAPE 33 Ohthere sæde his hlāforde, Ælfrede cynine, þæt hē ealra Norðmanna norþmest būde. Hē cwæð þæt hē būde on þæm lande norþweardum wiþ þā Westsæ. Hē sæde þēah þæt þæt land sīe swīþe lan norþ þonan; ac hit is eal wēste, būton on fēawum stōwum stycce-mælum wīciað Finnas, on huntoðe on wintra and on sumera on fiscaþe be þære sæ. Word as used in the Corresponding A text word Analysis, notes Translation NE Ohthere ['o:xtxere] n prop., Nom. sg; S Ohthere sæde said v, 3rd p. sg, Past Indef. SAY of secan, w III; P his pron pers. Gen. c. ofHIS hē, to his 3rd p. sg, M. (or Poss. pron his) hlaforde n, Dat. sg of hlāford, M.-a LORD lord Ælfrede n prop., Dat. sg; M Alfred cynine KING n, Dat. sg of cynin, M.-a king þæt conj that hē pron, 3rd p. sg Nom.; SHE he ealra pron indef. Gen. pl of eal ALL (of) all Norðmanna n, Gen. pl of Norðmann, NORTHMAN Northmen ALFRED THAT M. root-stem norþmest adv būde v, 3rd p. sg Past Indef.relorto BE NORTHMOST to the North lived or had lived Subj. of būan, anom. v; P cwæð v, 3rd p. sg, Past Indef. QOUTH of said cweðan, str., Cl. 5; P on prep ON on þæm pron dem., Dat. sg, N. THAT of the sē, sēo, þæt lande n, Dat. sg of land, N.-aLAND land norþweardum adj, to the North Dat. sg. N. NORTHWARDS of norðweard wiþ prep WITH 34 of þā pron dem. Acc. sg of THAT sēo, that (the) F Westsæ n prop. Acc. of Westsæ, WEST SEA Atlantic Ocean sæ, F. i-sfem þēah conj þæt pron dem., Nom. sg, N.THAT that land n, Nom. sg, N.-a, S land sīe v sg Pres. Subj. of bēon; BE THOUGH LAND also is link-verb swīþe adv — lan adj, Nom. sg. N., LONG str. very long decl.; P norþ adv. NORTH north þonan adv. THENCE from there ac conj. — but hit pron pers., 3rd p. sg, Nom. IT it N.; S is v 3rd p. sg., Pres. Ind.ISof is bēon; link-verb eal pron indef., Nom. sg ALL all wēste adj, Nom. sg, N., str. decl. — uninhabited būton conj BUT but fēawum adj, Dat. pl of fēaw, FEW str. few decl. stōwum n, Dat. pl of stōw, F.-wō STOW styccemælum adv. wīciað v, 3rd p. pl Pres. Ind.—of places rel to STOCK and MEAL here and there live wīcian, w. II; P Finnas n, Nom. pl of Finn, M.-a; FINN (the) Finns S huntoðe n, Dat. sg of huntoð, M.-a rel to HUNT huntung wintra n, Dat. sg of winter, M.-u WINTER winter and conj and sumera n, Dat. sg of sumor/er, SUMMER AND 35 summer M.-u fiscaðe n, Dat. sg of fiscoð/að, rel to FISH fishing M.-a be prep BY by þære pron dem., Dat. sg F.THAT of that sē, sēo, þæt sæ n, Dat. sg of sæ, F-i SEA sea Notes on Lexis Etymology. All the words are native, except Finn, name of a non-IE tribe. Most of the words come from the roots of the common IE layer and have parallels outside the Germanic group, e. g.: OE sæde, secan, NE say — Lith. sakyti OE his, hē, NE he — R ceй OE cynine, cynin, NE king — L genus OE Norðmanna, man, NE man — Sanskr manu OE bude, buan, rel. to beon, NE be — R быть Word structure and word formation. Most words are simple—either originally or after the loss of stem suffixes—e. g. hē, eal, būan, cweðan, winter, land, norð, ēac, etc. Derived words are: cyn-ing — from the root *kun- plus the suffix –ing. Compound words: Norð-mann— made up of norð- and mann; Wesf-sæ— made up of west- and sæ. From the ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLES (A. D. 911) Read the text and its translation into Mod E. Make a grammatical analysis of the italicized words and a phonetic analysis of the words marked with an asterisk according to the models given for Text 1 (use the Glossary). Write out the words derived from the same roots and analyse the means of derivation. 36 KING EDWARD AND THE DANES Hēr bræc sē here on Norðhymbrum þone frið, and forsāwon ælc frið þe Eadweard cynin and his witan him budon, and herodon ofer Miercna land, and sē cynin hæfde eadrod sum hund scipa, and wæs þā on Cent, and þā scipu fōron be sūþan ēast andlang sæ toeanes him. þā wende sē here þæt his fultumes sē mæsta dæl wære on þæm scipum, and þæt hīe mihten faran unbefohtene þær þær hēe wolden. þā eascode sē cynin þæt þæt hīe ūt on heroð fōron, þā sende hē his fierd æðer e of Westseaxum e of Miercum, and hīe offoron ðone here hindan, þā he hāmweard wæs, and him þā wið efuhton and þone here eflīeindon, and his fela þūsenda ofslōon... Translation In this year the host in Northumbria broke that peace, and rejected every peace which King Edward and his councillors offered them, and they harried over the land of the Mercians, and the king had gathered about a hundred ships and was then in Kent, and the ships sailed in the south eastwards along the sea coast towards him (to meet him). Then the host thought that the greatest part of his army was on those ships, and that they could journey unopposed there, where they wished. When the king heard that (that) they had gone out on a raid, then he sent his forces both from Wessex and from Mercia, and they overtook the host when it was (on the way) homeward and fought with it and put the host to flight, and killed many thousands (of the host)… List of Abbreviations Acc. = Accusative NE = New English A. D. = Anno Domini ('of our era') neg. = negative adj = adjective NG = North Germanic adv = adverb Nom. = Nominative Am E -- American English num. = numeral anom. = anomalous O = Object arch. = archaic Obj = Objective art. = article obs. = obsolete Br E = British English OE = Old English 37 c. = century; circa; case OG = Old Germanic Celt = Celtic O Icel = Old Icelandic cf. = confer orig. mean. = original meaning Comm. = Common OS = Old Saxon comp. = comparative O Scand = Old Scandinavian conj. = conjunction p. = person Dat. = Dative P. = Predicate decl. = declension Part. = Participle def. = definite Pass. = Passive dem. = demonstrative Perf. = Perfect dial. = dialectal pers. = personal E = English PG = Proto-Germanic e. g. = exempli gratia = for PIE = Proto-Indo-European instance pi = plural F, Fem. = Feminine Poss. = Possessive Fr = French prep. = preposition G = German Pres. = Present Gen. = Genitive pret.-pres. = preterite-present Gt = Gothic pron. = pronoun i. e. = id est = that is prop. = proper IE = Indo-European R = Russian Ind. (Mood) = Indicative (Mood) rel. (to) = related (to) indef. = indefinite S = Subject inf. = infinitive Sanskr = Sanskrit Instr. = Instrumental sg = singular Ir = Irish str. = strong It = Italian Subj. L = Latin (Mood) Lith = Lithuanium superl. = superlative lit. = literal(ly) v = verb 38 (Mood) = Subjunctive M, Masc. = Masculine w = weak ME = Middle English WG = West Germanic mod. = modern WS = West Saxon Mod E = Modern English 1st 1st person n = noun 2nd 2nd person N, Neut. = Neuter 3rd 3rd person 39