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Chapter 9 Reading Guide
Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
1. What time period (years) did the Byzantine Empire span?
2. What was the Byzantine capital?
3. What form of Christianity was practiced in the Byzantine Empire?
4. What areas did the Byzantines influence?
5. How were Eastern and Western Europe developing differently?
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
ORIGINS OF THE EMPIRE
6. What areas did the Empire include?
7. What language did Byzantine Empire come to rely on?
8. Why was this language beneficial?
9. Who was allowed to participate in the bureaucracy that had not during Roman times?
JUSTINIAN’S ACHIEVEMENTS
10. Who was the empire under the threat of?
11. What were some of the negative attributes of Justinian?
12. What were some of his positive achievements?
13. What helped to unify the empire, like it did during the Roman Empire?
14. What was the primary reason Justinian sought to control Northern Africa?
15. What was the reason for raising taxes under Justinian?
ARAB PRESSURE AND THE EMPIRE’S DEFENSES
16. What method was used to convert people in the Middle East to Christianity in the 600s?
17. What eventually threatened Byzantine holdings in the Middle East?
18. What new scientific weapon did the Byzantines use to combat the Arabs?
19. Where did the burden of maintaining the empire fall, militarily and economically?
20. In what period was Byzantine at its height?
BYZANTINE SOCIETY AND POLITCS
21. Who was head of the church?
22. How do we know that women exerted importance/power during the Byzantine empire?
23. Who served in the Byzantine bureaucracy?
24. What did they have to be schooled in?
25. Who held positions close to the emperor? Why do you think?
26. How were military recruited? Who was this similar to?
27. What did the Byzantine Empire effectively do for Europe until the 15th century?
28. What trade item did the Byzantines become famous for?
29. What philosophy did their cultural life center around?
30. What kinds of artistic/architectural innovations came out of Byzantium?
31. What first major religious controversy arose in the 8th century (700s)? Why?
THE SPLIT BETWEEN EAST AND WEST
West
East
Head of church
Bible language
Priests celibacy
Rituals
THE EMPIRE’S DECLINE
32. What united the nomadic invaders?
33. What caused the biggest blow to the empire’s economy?
34. What resulted from the Byzantine appeal for help from the West?
35. When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?
36. What made the Byzantine Empire significant in World history?
THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE
37. Why are Cyril and Methodius important?
38. What made the spread of Orthodox Christianity successful in its spread north?
THE EAST CENTRAL BORDERLANDS
39. From what region did Jews come from? Why?
40. What area of the economy were Jews allowed to participate?
41. Due to the treatment from Christians and forced cultural isolation, what behavior did they
emphasize?
THE EMERGENCE OF KIEVAN RUS
42. What ethnic group of people settled this area of Eastern Europe?
43. What group of people migrated into this area? How? Why?
44. Where did the word Russia come from?
45. Who did they trade with?
46. Why did Vladimir I adopt Orthodox Christianity as the religion for his people? (Why not the
others?)
INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURE IN KIEVAN RUS’
47. Compare/Contrast Byzantine and Russian political institutions.
48. How were Russian aristocrats different than in Western Europe?
KIEVAN DECLINE
49. What internal problems did they have?
50. Externally what affected their economy?
51. What nomadic group laid the final blow? What did they call them?
52. How long did they control Russia?
53. Russians were left to their day to day activities as long as they did what?
CONCLUSION
54. How did it greatly affect the development of Christianity?