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The Company PhytoBacter strives to implement ‘soft biotechnology’ as an alternative approach to conventional fertilisers and growth enhancing products. By treating plants and soil with our products, our clients should gain distinct economic advantages over the competiton. PhytoBacter fulfils this aim in an environmentally friendly and ecologically sound manner. Available on the market since 1999, PhytoBacter products are an international guarantee for the health, growth and protection of plants and for healthy soil in agriculture and horticulture All products have in common that they are of longstanding natural origin. Our objective is to select natural resources with specific desired effects and to harnass their properties for customer use. Phytobacter Fon: +49 (0)30 / 383773-0 e-mail: [email protected] Tegeler Weg 33 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 383773-13 http://www.phytobacter.de D-10589 Berlin Handelsregister: HRB 3722 AG Neuruppin 1 PHYTOBACTER Product Spectrum PFLANZE Schutz Gesundheit Wachstum PHYTOBACTER Biologische Sanierung BODEN Figure 1: Spectrum of PHYTOBACTER products PHYTOBACTER products can be classified as plant- or soil- specific according to their sphere of activity. PHYTOBACTER products strengthen and support plant growth. Products have been developed to act specifically against certain important pathogens to ensure plant health (e.g. Rhizoctonia solani for potato crops). 2 The combination of effective organisms in a single product leads to widespread plant protection against several pathogens and for several plant species. Several products are available for ‘biological soil sanitation’. Our main fields of activity are: relief of soil exhaustion, the sanitation of soil contaminated with heavy metals or aromatics, as well as the recultivation of soil which stands shortly before karstification. Apart from the primary field of activity of PHYTOBACTER products – protection, health, growth, or sanitation – each product, due to its mode of action, leads to a integrated positive effect for plants and/or soil. Our products contain microorgnisms which are specialised in the above fields. However, these fields are interdependent, therefore a healthy plant has also better growth and is better protected from pathogens. Our products form a specific milieu with the root system of the plant, which severely limits the habitat for pathogens and their nutrients. Furthermore, the product dissolves and mobilises fresh nutrients making them available for plant uptake. How does it work? Certain bacteria, through evolution, have developed the capability of increasing their food supply by producing plant-identical hormones – phytohormones. The bacteria live from secretions from the roots of plants and, in turn, produce hormones which are taken up by the hairs on plant roots. The influence of these hormones is the principle mode of action of our products on the respective plant. The modified hormone level in the plant stimulates growth and increases biomass in the vegetative components (roots and shoots). This is documented by the increase in yield of root crops such as potatoes. Further metabolic products excreted by our bacteria dissolve and mobilise minerals from the soil, primarily phosphate, potassium and iron, which would otherwise not be available to the plants. This enhances the efficiency of the naturally present or added phosphates and the erodible residue is reduced. The bacteria in our products suppress fungi and bacteria detrimental to plants, for example the use of our products for potatoes reduces the risk of infestation Rhizoctania solani und scabs. 3 2 2.1 PhytoBacter Products AGROBAC S. The AGROBAC S. line of products was especially developed to meet the commercial requirements of our clients for root crops (potatoes, sugar beet, carrots, kohlrabi) and cereals. The following positive effects were observed with cereals: - higher numbers of seedlings per m2 - more – and longer – root systems of the shoots - higher proportions of ear-carrying stalks per m2 - higher weight per thousand grains without AGROBAC with AGROBAC Figure 2: Trial with winter rye Sort: Amilo without AGROBAC with AGROBAC Figure 3: Trial with winter rye Sort: Batis From Figures 2 and 3 it can be seen that the treated plants have a stronger structure and a better developed root system. AGROBAC S. forms a specific milieu with the root system of the plant which greatly limits the habitat and the nutrients available for harmful bacteria and fungi. This product dissolves and mobilises fresh nutrients from the soil and produces growth hormones for the plants. AGROBAC S. supplements agents in conventional fertilizers and pesticides to produce larger root systems and tubers. Thus, AGROBAC S. increases the marketable proportion of the yield both in quantity and quality. During the 2000 vegetation period, the Schleswig-Holstein agricultural board made a comparative study of biological plant-strengthening substances on potatoes infested with Rhizoctonia solani. Potatoes treated with AGROBAC A.S. had a 51% higher marketable yield, as compared to untreated controls. 4 Both AGROBAC products contain natural, acclimatised microorganisms which colonise the root area and influence the soil-root system in many ways. without AGROBAC Figure 4: Trials with potatoes with AGROBAC - Sort: Linda Interactions which make up the typical effect profile of AGROBAC S. products: Enhancement of plant growth Active biological plant protection Continuous mobilisation of nutrients Apart from various locations in Germany, trials with AGROBAC S. are being carried out at present in cooperation with China (different plants), Iran (potatoes, watermelons and pistachios) and Greece (olive trees). These trials are performed and analysed by our respective partners in these countries. 2.2 HORTOBAC TRICIS In fruit orchards and vineyards, potential yields are often endangered by late frosts during the blossoming period. Annual losses of cultivated plants, e.g. fruit and vegetables, due to frost damage can run into millions. Spring frosts, which need only reach temperatures slightly below 0 °C, are especially detrimental to yields.. The State Educational and Research Institute for Wine and Fruit-growing (consultants: Ecological Fruit-growing e.V.) have carried out field trials with HORTOBAC TRICIS for two vegetation periods. In 1997, the complete harvest in the region of Baden was destroyed due to spring frosts. Our contact person, Frau Kopp, emphasizes the urgent commercial need for a product such as HORTOBAC TRICIS, since conventional substances for frost control are expensive and not ecologically sound. 5 Conventional frost control methods such as sprinklers or heaters are resource- and costintensive and usually impractical for the whole area under cultivation. Their aim is to stop the transition of water from liquid to a solid state. Water requires crystallisation particles to complete this transition and freeze. If none or only few are present, the ice-formation is stopped or delayed. Certain micro-organisms are ice-nucleation active, i.e. form ice crystals already at temperatures only slightly below 0 °C. If these microorganisms are suppressed by competitive exclusion, the temperature at which ice forms sinks, since fewer crystals are available. Plants on the left: control plants pretreated with bacteriafree1 water Plants in the middle: treated with iceactive bacteria Plants on the right: treated with nonice-active bacteria Figure 5: Trial with summer wheat (Triticum sp.) HORTOBAC TRICIS, based on this natural principle, can prevent the formation of celldestroying ice-nucleation particles in plants. The product can be applied by conventional spraying and achieves frost control down to -4 °C. The Iranian government was involved in the idea for this product and its solution Iran as the largest pistachio exporteur world-wide has high annual lossses due to frost. It was this considerable economic factor that convinced the Iranian government to support a cooperation between zwischen scientific institutions in Iran and PHYTOBACTER. 2.3 HORTOBAC FORTIS 1 Bacteria-free water is water which has been chemically treated to rid it of ist natural content of microorganisms. Such water does not occurr in nature.Treatment with bacteria-free water demonstrates that the cause of the crystallisation is primarily due to the presence of microorganisms. 6 So-called ‘vine-exhaustionen’ is a phenomenon often found in nurseries. Due to the the one-sided nutrient leaching and the infestation of specific pathogenic microorganisms, after three consecutive rearings, the cultivated plots cannot be used for several years. This means a permanent area expansion and consequently increased costs for the vinenurseries. The regular cultivation of soil leads to a loss of minerals and negative effects on the soil microclimate. Two plants on the left: wine stocks in exhausted soil with HORTOBAC FORTIS Two plants on the right: wine stocksin exhausted soil without HORTOBAC FORTIS Figure 6: Wine stocks in exhausted soil To date, no conventional pesticide or fertilizer addressed the problem of ‘vine-exhaustion’. In laboratory trials, HORTOBAC FORTIS was shown to reduce the effects of soil exhaustion. HORTOBAC FORTIS is at present in the development stage, whereby several investigations in cooperation with the The State Educational and Research Institute for Agriculture, Viniculture and Horticulture, Rheinland Pfalz with soil already showing symtoms revealed that its implementation lead to a considerable reduction in vine/soil-exhaustion. Two doctoral candidates from PHYTOBACTER and der Staatlichen Lehr- und Forschungsanstalt are performing trials in parallel to bring the product to a marketable niveau. 7 Considering the extent of the Weinbau regions in Europe, a significant marketing potential is forseen for this new product. 2.4 HORTOBAC MUNDUS When concentrations of heavy metals, salts and organic compounds exceed certain limits, the soil is classified as contaminated. These substances - which are hardly, if at all, decomposable by nature - accumulate, often with negative effects on the ecosystem. Several microorganisms are capable of decomposing or solubilising such compounds so that they or their metabolites are freely available. Depending on the system, the substances can then be dispersed over a wide area (dilution effect) or be taken up by the surrounding plants. These plants must then be disposed of as classified waste. The bacteria in HORTOBAC MUNDUS help to remediate contaminated soil. Initial promising results have been obtained with soil contaminated with heavy metals and planted with Lolium sp., where HORTOBAC MUNDUS was shown to have a positive effect on the decomposition of heavy metals and organic components. These compounds were solubilised from the soil and taken up by the plants, in this case Lolium sp. Regular cultivation ensures the decomposition of these contaminants. At present, an extensive field project is in progress in China (Inner Mongolia) using this product in the recultivation of areas which are shortly before desertation due their high salt content. An immense marketing potential is behind this, to date, successful operation. In China, only about 40 % of the total surface area is suitable for agricultural use and intensive farming of the suitable areas results in permanent karstification and desert formation. Expansion of this market to other Asian countries is being prepared by our partners in the Philippines and Vietnam. 2.5 HORTOBAC ARBORIS In horticulture and landscaping, the risk of transplanted or grafted trees not taking root increases considerably with the age and/or size of the transplant. Especially in municipal landscaping and green area development, large shrubbery is often implemented to achieve rapid visual effects. If the soil is low in nutrients, the yield from fruit trees sinks, and in extreme cases the trees die. Both phenomena can be successfully eliminated by the use of HORTOBAC ARBORIS. Many trees require soil microbes such as Mycorrhiza-fungi or suitable bacteria strains which live in close association with the plant roots in order to flourish. Both vesiculararbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) as well as certain bacteria can increase the nutrient supply and turnover of the target plant considerably. The endosymbiotic fungi AM penetrate the root of the plant and develop a fine mycel network, far more complex than the fine root mesh of the associated plant. The plant profits from the increased availablity of soil nutrients through the larger root surface. AM itself lives from the secretions from plant roots and has a positive effect on growth and development of the host plant. 8 Due to the extremely efficient phosphate uptake and effective transport system of the outer hyphae of the fungi, plants infested with AM have a higher phosphate uptake. Further nutrients, such as ammonium and the micro-nutrients copper and zinc can be taken up in higher quantities due to this symbiosis. Another important aspect is the transfer of carbohydrates and mineral compounds, not only between plant and fungi, but also from one plant to another, via the fungi. In a field with a high root density, a large number of plants from the same or different species can form a network and thereby a physiological unit. con. 1 con. 2 Br 1 Sy 167 Control 1: sterilized soil without inoculum Control 2: not sterilized soil without inckulum Mechernich Schwermetallboden inoculated with the Glomus-isolate from Galmei violets Mechernich Boden inoculated with Glomus intraradices Sy 167 as control isolate Figure 7: Trial with maize and soil contaminated with heavy metals from Mechernich Eifel (4-month-old maize plants; Photo: Prof. Bothe, Univ. Cologne The combination of AM with bacteria has two positive effects. The presence of bacteria accelerates the infestation of the plant roots with AM and a life-preserving partner is readily available for the plants (Figure 7). Field trials in Greece with endangered olive trees showed a considerable increase in yield and regeneration after only a single treatment with AGROBAC ARBORIS. 9 2.6 AGROBAC GRAMINIS Vegetation development by planting grass and other suitable plants suitable in areas of erosion often proves to be a costly process since the hardened or gravelly ground in these areas hardly allows anything to take root. The same holds true for grass areas in sport stadiums and golf courses both of which are subject to hard wear. Growth, maintenance, and regeneration of grass or green areas is time-consuming and cost-intensive. With our cooperation partner GreenCorner Rasensysteme GmbH, which is primarily concerned with the problems of extreme greenery und erosion protection, we were able to demonstrate the successful application of AGROBAC GRAMINIS (Figure 8). Figure 8 shows in loose stony controls show development of that AGROBAC GRAMINIS helps grass (Pos, Lolium und Festuca) to take root ground and even on very hard stony ground. Comparisons as well as little to no success. AGROBAC GRAMINIS also improves root system wall vegetation inside the aligned’vegetation-blocks’ (gravel systems) Further trials with AGROBAC GRAMINIS on rolled grass for sports fields and golf courses and the greening of man-made cliffs. Trials on loose stony ground Trials on very hard stony ground Soil sample left: Treatment with AGROBAC GRAMINIS Soil sample midddle: Treatment with a product from the company Bycobac Soil sample right: Untreated control Figure 8: Sowing grass on stony ground At present, our cooperation partner is negotiating with marketing chains for the building and gardening sectors to sell his own product in combination with AGROBAC GRAMINIS as a set.. Apart from activity in Germany, extensive trials are being carried out in China. Here the emphasis lies on vegetation development in karsified areas. If the earth can be protected from erosion and therefore from further desertation, the first step will have been made to return these areas to a suitable state for agricultural purposes 10 2.7 HORTOBAC DEFENSUS Most of the microorganisms that we have isolated have, apart from their specific effect, the effect of providing protection for plants and soil from pathogens. The principle of this protection can be based either on strengthening the plant’s own defence mechanisms or on an additional, cumulative defence mechanism for plant and soil. At present in the development stage, HORTOBAC DEFENSUS has the aim of combining the protection mechanisms of all our microorganisms in a single product, which would then be effective against several different illnesses and pathogens. HORTOBAC DEFENSUS is a biological pesticide: environmentally friendly and of natural origin. Due to the universal criticism of chemical pesticides, HORTOBAC DEFENSUS, has a high market potential as an effective alternative. Results from the Schleswig Holstein agricultural board showing that potatoes plants infested with Rhizoctonia solani and treated with AGROBAC S. have an increase in yield of 51 % compared with untreated controls, demonstrate the efficacy of this product innovation. PHYTOBACTER has already a biologically effective pesticide at its disposal and has high expectancies for its further successful development. 2.8 HORTOBAC GLOME Nematodes cause significant losses in agriculture. Even the consistent adhrerence to Fruchtfolgen, to date the only successful measure, does not bring about satisfactory results with root gallen nematoden. In the USA alone, up to 25 % loss of annual yield is attributed to nematodes. This prompted us to develop a product, HORTOBAC GLOME, to control nematodes. HORTOBAC GLOME originates from our research on HORTOBAC DEFENSUS. Its mode of action is probably based on the stimulation of the plants’ own defence mechanisms and prevents or delays the penetration of the nematode larvae into the plant. 11