Download Microbiology

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Microbiology
********
-Introduction: Microbiology is a branch of Biology deals with study of micro organisms.
-Micro organisms: are present everywhere in the earth includes air, soil, water, plants, animal, humans and dead materials
-Micro organisms: are unicellular and Milticellular
-Some of them are pathogenic (causing disease) and most of them are non-pathogenic.
-Micro organisms: are very small to be seen only through microscope
-Antory Van Leeuwenhork ( 1675 netherlands) who observed bacteria and protozoa( micro organisms) first with this
sample microscope. so he is a father of microbiology.
-The microorganisms or microbes are classified based on the presence of nucleus. These are Prokaryotic micro organisms,
Eukaryotic micro organisms and virus.
Prokaryotic
-The nucleus and membrane bound organelles are not
present
-The side of the cell is 0.2-2µm
-The genetic material is freely distributed in the
cytoplasm.
-The ribosome 70s. S=Svedberg unit: to measure the
size of ribosome. Eg: Bacteria
Eukaryotic
-Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
(mitochonchondri) endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi body are present.
-The cell size is 2-20µm
-The genetic material is present in the nucleus
-The 80s ribosome is present
Eg: fungi and protozoa
- the virus is also considered as microorganism but it is call acellur and non cellular organism.
Bacteria
-It is a prokaryotic microorganism the size range between 0.2-0.5 µm
-Most of them are nonpathogenic because it doesn’t contain virulent factor properties (toxic components) and some of them are
pathogenic (contains virulent factors).
-Most of the bacteria can live in extreme condition and can change the environment.
Morphology of Bacteria
- There shapes are many shapes of bacteria including Cocci, Bacilli and Spirochetes
I. Cocci or Coccus: some of the bacteria are look like spherical shape or round shape, such type of bacteria are called Cocci they
are different type of Cocci based on the number of cell and arrangement.
a) Mono Coccus: single cell
b) Diplococcus noncapsulated: two cell joined together to form this structure (pair) and it don’t have membrane which
surrounded the cell.
c) Diplococcus encapsulated: two cells joined together with membrane coated over the cell.
d) Streptococcus some bacteria look like chain like structure is called Streptococcus
e) Staphylococcus the bacteria look like clusters of grape.
II. Bacilli or Bacillus : most of the bacteria are look like rod shape or cylinder shape. This is called bacilli, there are several type
- Mono Bacillus:
single rod shaped
- Diplo Bacillus:
two rods joined together to form this shape
- Flagellated Bacillus:
some bacteria have flagella (hair like structure) present in the cell wall which help the
bacteria move from one place to another place.
- Coccobacillus:
it look like round as well as rod such type of bacteria are called coccusbacillus.
- Comma shaped bacillus: some bacteria look like comma shape
- Sporbearing bacillus: some bacteria can release the spore which is highly resistant to live in extreme condition and can live for
more than too fears such type is called spore bearing bacillus.
- Strepto bacillus: chain like arrangement
III. Spirochetes: the bacteria look like spiral shape structure
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Classification of Bacteria
The classification of bacteria is base on the cell wall. There are:
I.
Thick walled bacteria
II.
Thin cell walled
III.
Wall less bacteria
I. Thick wall bacteria
Some bacteria are having thick and rigid cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan layer (polysaccharide+peptid) it provides
protection to the bacteria. There are two types of thick cell walled bacteria.
Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria
The gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria can be observed or identified by Gram staining technique.( Hans Christian
Gram 1884) in the technique the Gram positive appears like violet color or blue color after added the reagent. The gram negative
bacteria appear like pink color or red color after adding the reagent.
Gram staining technique
Take bacteria sample (blood or saliva) then put the blood sample into the slide and make a thin film (smear) then
add crystal violet after that wait for 2 minutes followed by add water then add gram iodine and wash with water.
Then add alcohol followed by with water. Finally add safranin wait for 60 seconds wash with water. Take the slide
and keep it into violet color is gram positive. If it pink or red color is gram negative.
-
Gram positive bacteria
It contains more than 40 layers of peptidoglycan in the cell wall give more rigid (strong) and provides protection of the
bacteria.
The cell wall also contain Fibrillar layer which acts as a toxic component (virulent factor).
The cell wall contain Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid which give support to the cell wall.
-
Gram negative bacteria
The cell wall of the gram negative bacteria contain single layer of peptidglycan
The cell wall also contain Lipopolysaccharide which acts as a virulent factor.
-
Gram positive bacteria are two shape normally:
1. Gram positive cocci
Ex. Staphylococcus species, streptococcus species, entorococcus faecalis
2. Gram positive rods
Ex. Bacillus species, clostridium species, corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram negative bacteria are two shape normally:
a. Gram negative cocci: Ex. Neisseria species,
b. Gram negative rods:
Ex. Salmonella species, shigella species, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacteria jejuni,
Pseudomonas species, Helicobactor pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species, Bacteroides pertusis,
Brucella species, Yersinia species, Fronciesella tulerensis, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus
influenzae.
Acid Fast Bacteria
Acid fast is the name of the staining technique to identify some bacteria.
Acid Fast staining method
Take bacteria sample→ make thin smear→ add carbal fuchsin+ phenol→ keep this slide in boiling water
for few minute→ wash with water→ add acid(3%)- Alcohol(97%)→ wash with water→ add Methylene
blue→ wash with the slide. Keep this slide and through microscope. If it look like Reddish color confirm
that the bacteria is acid fast bacteria.
-The acid fast bacterial cell wall contain single layer of peptidoglycan, Fatty acid and waxes.
-The Fatty acid and waxes acts as virulent factor of bacteria wich cause diseases of the humans.
Ex. Myobacterium tuberculosis, Myocobacterium leprae, Nocardia species.
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II. Thin cell wall bacteria:
Some of bacterial is very thin and it is flexible in nature
Ex. Spirochetes
III. wall less bacteria
The wall less bacteria which do not have the cell wall.
Structure Properties of Bacteria
Cell wall: the outer layer of the bacteria which is made up of peptidoglycan. It protects the bacgteria.
Cytoplasmic membrane: it is a layer which surround the cytoplasm. It acts as a permeable layer and it allowed the inside toxic
components to go outside and cause diseases to the humans body.
Ribosome: the synthesis of protein take place in ribosome.
Chromosome: it contain DNA (Deoxy Ribose Nucleic Acid) as a genetic natural.
Plasma: it is an extrachronosomal circular DNA which contains ß-lactamase enzyme provide to some antibiotic like penicillin.
Inclusion: it is an energy stored material which give energy to live the bacterial cell.
Virulent properties of bacteria
The pathogenesis of bacteria refers to the presence of virulent factor (toxic component) in the bacteria. The virulent factor is the
main causative thing for diseases. There is several type of virulent factor.
i) Adherence factor: the bacteria contain hair like structure called Flagella and Pilus which help he bacteria to adhere the
host cell surface. After adherence the bacteria can release the toxic material and make disease.
ii) Capsule: it is presents in the cell wall of bacteria which is made up of popolysaccharide which fight against phagocytic
cell (type of immune cell) like Microphage. Because whenever the bacteria is enter into the body the phagocytic cell immediately
attack the bacteria and kill is so, if the capsule is present the bacteria can easily live in the human body.
iii) Exotoxins: it is found in gram positive and gram negative bacteria it is made up of polypebtides and has got two subunit
normally. A-subunit and B-subunit. The function of B-subunit is to bind the host cell after that the subunit release the toxin then the
toxin can easily attack the various organs like Kidneys, heart, liver, lungs act. It also cause hemorrhage (bleeding) and swelling.
iv) Endotoxin: it is found in the gram negative bacteria which is made up of Lypopolysaccharids. It cause fever, general
ache and general weakness.
v) Enzyme: the bacteria contain some enzymes which act as a toxic enzymes. The function of this enzymes is to attacks the
cell membrane, tissue matrix and connective tissues lead to paralysis.
vi) Enterotoxin: this toxin is present inside the cell of bacteria which attacks the mucus membrane in the intestinal tract
and cause vomiting and diarrhea.
vii) Cell surface carbohydrates and proteins: the bacteria also contain some toxic carbohydrate and proteins which
attacks the immune cell in the human body so that the bacteria can easily attacks the cells.
Culture of Bacteria
The culture (grow) of bacteria is very important to find the name of the bacteria and with this culture we can choose the antibiotic
to cure the diseases.
Requirement for Bacteria Culture
1. petridish: it is a glass plate in this we can cure the culture bacteria.
2. Medium: it is nutrient material which feed the bacteria to grow
3. Incubation chambar: highly sterilized chambar to keep the culture plate here.
4. Water: to clean the glass wares
5. Patient sample: blood, sputum, stool, urine, mucus, wound tissue…
Procedure:
Medium pour
Blood sample
put different
(antibiotic)
Zone formation
Incubation for 2 days
→
Petridish
Or petriplate
→
→
bacteria
ceftriaxone
penicillin
Clavithromycin
Erythromycin
Keep it into Microscope and find out
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Gram positive cocci bacteria infection
I. Staphy loccal infection
The staphylococcus bacteria are clusters of gram like shape. There are three important staphyloccus species are causing
disease.
i) Staphylococcus aureus: it is a gram positive cocci bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Phathogenesis
Coagulose enzyme: this enzyme is present in the bacteria which stimulates the prothrombin to clot the blood in the injured
region and make infections because the prothrombin is acting as a blood clotting factor involve in the blood clotting.
One the blood is clotted in the injured region the bacteria can make colonies and cause wound infection.
Catalase: it is an enzyme which breaks the H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) in to H2O+O2 because the H2O2 act as a antibacterial
agent in the body so that the enzyme can attack this H2O2 and cause infection.
Protein-A: it is a protein toxic which fight against the immure protein like complement protein.
Enterotoxin: it cause a diarrhea and vomiting while eating the contaminated or spoiled food and water.
Toxic shock syndrome toxin: it is a toxin released from the bacteria. The function of this toxin is to make toxic shock in the
wound regionally especially the vaginal wound.
Exfoliatin: this is an toxin which attacks the epidermal layer of the skin to make scales in the skin.
Leukocidin: it is an another toxin which attacks the leukocyte (WBC)
Disease
Abscess or wound infection: infection in the wound region with pus.
Gastritis: inflammation in the digestive tract. The symptom like diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite etc.
Toxic shock syndrome toxin: sever shock pain in the vaginal wound region with the present of pus.
Folliculitis: inflammation with pus in the follicles.
Staphyloccal scalded skin syndrome: The inflammatory condition in epidermal layer of the skin. The damage or
breakdown of the epidermis which make skin scales.
This disease is very common in young children (below 5 year).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Transmission
- Transmitted from contaminated or spoild food and water
- It also transmitted from infected patient to normal person and environment
Diagnosis
Blood culture and blood smear to find out these bacteria.
Coagulase test: take citrated plasma (plasma contain sodium citrate) and add the bacterial culture. Keep the tube for incubation
at 31 0c for 4 hour. If any clot formation take place confirm that the patient is infected with staphylococcus aureas.
Treatment: vacomycin is an antibiotic to kill this bacteria.
Prevention:
- avoid contact with infected patient
- Make yourself proper hygieon
- Avoid contaminated food and water
ii) Staphylococcus epidermidis: It is a gram positive bacteria
Virulent factor: Glycocalyx: it is made up of glycoprotein and polysaccharide which is found in the cell wall of
S.epidermidis. the function of glycocalyx is to adhere in the prosthetic (arrificial) heart valves and prosthetic hip and make
infections.
Diseases
1. Endocaditis:it is an inflammation condition of prosthetic heart valve in the endocosodium of the heart. The S.epidermidis bacteria
can release the glycocalyx and stick in to prosthetic heart valve and make infection as well as damage in the valve.This
condition the patient have symptom like hemorrhage, circulatory problem, serve, chest pain, nausea and heart attack.
2. Prothetic hip infection: the inflammation in the prosthetic hip region especially artificial hip implanted patient. The patient have
symptom like sever joint pain, swelling in the joint etc.
3. Neonated sepsis: it is an inflammatory and infection in the blood of neonate (just born baby or below 1 month baby) the
S.epidermidis is normally found in the vaginal region, during child birth the bacteria enter through placenta and spread through out
the blood and entire organs of the baby to cause this infection. The symptom like hemorrhage, diarrhea, skin rashes, jaundice etc.
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Transmission: During dental surgery, childbirth the bacteria can easily enter and cause disease.
Diagnosis: Blood culture and blood smear to identify these bacteria.
Treatment: Vacomycin + Hentamicin + Rifampin
Prevention: During dental surgery, the patient should be treated with Cefazolin (antibiotic). During pregnancy the women
should maintain hygiene.
iii) Staphylococcus saprophyticus: it is gram-positive bacteria
Virulent factor: pilus: it is a heir like structure which is present outside the cell wall. The function is to adhere the host cell
surface especially the urinary tract.
Disease:
urinary tract infection (UTI), the urinary tract infection consist of urethra, bladder, prostate(non), ureter and kidney. The bacteria
can easily attack the urinary tract and make infection.
- Urethritis: the inflammation occurs in the urethra
- Cystitis: the inflammation condition in bladder
- Prostatitis: the inflammation in the prostate region of the man
- Pyclorephritis: inflammatory in the kidney. The UTI symptom like pyuria, Nocturia, dysuria, hematuria and foul smell urine
Transmission: through ascending way to get inside the urinary tract. The unsterilized urinary catheter cause UTI
Diagnosis: urine culture to find out these bacteria
Treatment: Norfloxacin (antibiotic) alone or Norfloxacin + Trinethoprin sulfanethoxazole as a combination therapy for
sever UTI.
Prevention: the urinary catheter should be sterilized properly before insertion. The toilet should be cleaned always
especially in hospital.
II. Steptococcal infection
The streptococcus bacteria are classified in to three group namely
Group A Streptococcus pneumonia: it has α-Hemolytic enzyme that lye hemoglobin and make color change( from red to 50/gree
color) during culture process.
Group B Streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalatias, streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis: this bacteria have
ß-hemolytic enzyme that make 100% green color during the culture process.
Group C Enteroccus faecels: there will not be any colors change during culture.
i. Streptococcus pneumonia: it is a gram positive bacteria look like chain structure.
1.
2.
3.
Virulent factor:
pilus: help the bacteria to attach into the host cell
capsule: it is made up by of polysaccharides which fight against phagocytic cell like macrophage
Pneumolysin: it is an enzyme that invade (attach) the cell membrane in the respiratory tract it also have hemolytic action
and against immune cell.
Disease
-Pneumonia: the inflammation condition in the alveoli region (air sac) of the lung. The symptom like difficult to breath, cold,
cough, yellow color sputum, fever and malaise.
-Sinusitis: the inflammatory condition in the sinus region. The symptom like sneezing, runny, nose, swollen in the sinus, pain and
fever.
-Otitis media: the S. pneumonia also attack the middle ear (eardrum) and make infection there. The symptom like ear pain, difficult
to hear the sound and fever.
Transmission: Through respiratory droplet from infection patients.
Diagnosis: Sputum culture, the culture plate will become 50% green color from red color
Treatment: Cephalexin (antibiotic) to kill S. pneumonia + Cetrizene for runny nose
Prevention: avoid contact with infection patient
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ii. Streptococcus pyogenes: it is a gram positive look like chain structure.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Virulent factor
capsule: have “antiphagocytic”
streptolysin “s”and “o”: it has hemolytic action. And lyses the hemoglobin molecule an important for finding the bacteria
during blood culture.
Protein F: This protein specifically attach into the fibronectin (a protein is found in the pharynx region) and cause
inflammation in the pharynx region.
Dnases: it is an enzyme that attach DNA
Exotoxin: it is also called erythrogenic toxin which make skin rashes (scars) after the scarlet fever
Hyaluronidase: the enzyme which attach the hyaluronic acid which is found in the connective tissue like skin and make
inflammation
Diseases
1. pharyngitis: the inflammatory condition in the pharynx region. The symptom like red color swollen in the pharynx region, sore
throat, difficult to swallow food, pain in the pharynx region, fever etc.
2. Cellulitis: the inflammation in the connective tissue like skin especially the lower arms and lower legs will have infection. The
symptom like red colour rashes, pain, fever etc.
3. Rheumatic fever: the inflammatory condition in the heart, skin and joint. The patient will have symptom like murmur,
obstruction in the heart resell, swelling in the joint, pain and fever and skin rashes.
4. Impetigo: the common skin disease in children. The symptom blister in the skin, red rashes, fever, malaise etc
Transmission :Transmitted easily from infection person to normal person while touching the body and respiratory droplets.
Diagnosis: blood culture and blood smear with gram staining technique. Physical examination and patient history
Treatment: Cephalexin (antibiotic) is an effective drug for streptococcus pyogenes infection.
Preventtion: - avoid contact with infection patient
- Hygiene is important
iii. streptococcus agalactiae: it is a gram positive bacteria look like chain structure
Virulent factor: capsul: it has antiphagocytic action
Disease
1. Neonatal meningitis: the sever inflammation in the meninges (membrane which surround brain and spinal cord) region in
neonatal. The S. agalactiae is found in the vaginal region of the pregnant women and during the child birth the bacteria can
easily trans into the baby’s blood to placenta and cause infection in the meningitis. The symptom like hemorrhage, felling
exited, confusion, fever, poor breath feeding, jaundice, diarrhea and vomiting.
2. Omphalitis: the inflammation in the umbilical cord region in the neonates. It is uncommon in neonates the symptom like pain
with sever red rashes around the umbilical cord, fever, pus formation in the umbilical region etc.
3. Endometritis: the inflammation condition in the endometrial region of the uterus due to S.agalactiae bacteria. The symptom like
excessive vaginal bleeding, excessive vaginal fluid discharge, pain and fever.
4. Osteomyelitis: it is a bone or joint infection due to S.agalactiae bacteria. The symptom like server swelling in the joint, pain and
fever.
Transmission: this bacteria is mainly transmitted from mother to baby during childbirth it can also transmit from
theusterilized surgical instruments.
Treatment: Ceftriaxons: it is an antibiotic which kill this bacteria effectivety
Prevention:
-give ampicillin to mother during the childbirth
-use sterilized surgical instruction before doing surgery
-use batadine or bacitracin to wash the umbilical cord region after childbirth to prevent omphalitis. The childbirth center or
hospital should be hygienic.
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iv. Streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis: these are gram positive look like chain structure
Virulent factor: Glucans: it is a cell surface carbohydrate present in the cell wall of these bacteria. The function of glucans
is to adhere of attach into the dental region and prosthetic heart valve to cause infection
Disease
1. Dental caries: the inflammatory condition in the dental region due to S.mutans and S.sanguis. the symptom like black or brown
colour appearance in the dental region, swelling in the guns and tooth loss.
2. Endocarditis: the inflammation in the prosthetic heart valves due to these bacteria. The symptom like murmur, circulatory
problem, ECG abnormalities and chest pain.
Transmission: this bacteria normally present in oral cavity and when ever the oral hygiene is not there can easily make
infection. During dental surgery the bacteria can enter into the blood steam to attach the prosthetic heart valves to cause endocarditis
Diagnosis
-physical appearance of the oral cavity
-blood culture
-
Treatment
Streptomycin or Gentamicin of dental caries
Warm salt water gargle is important
Vacomycin + Gentamicin for endocarditis
-
Prevention
give Ceftriazolin during dental surgery
oral hygiene is important
V. Enterococcus faecalis: it is a gram positive with diplococcus appearance
Disease
1. Urinary tract infection: the infection in the urinary tract including urethra, bladder, prostate (men) and kidney. The symptom
like dysuria, pyuria, nocturia, hematouria, freguency urination, foul smell urine and back pain.
2. Biliary tract infection: the biliary tract comprise of gallbladder, bile duct and liver. The bile acid are secreted from the liver and
stored in the gallbladder and bile duct. The function of the bile acids to make digest the fatty foods. The E.faecalis bacteria can
easily enter to the biliary tract during gastresinstestinal surgery to cause infection in this region.
3. Acute cholocystitis: the inflammation in the gallbladder.
4. Cholangitis: the inflammatory in the bile duct. The symptom of biliary tract infection like jaundice, loss appetite, fell fullness,
vomiting, hapatomegaly and liver necrosis.
Transmission
The E.faecalis mainly transmitted from the unsterilized surgical instruments during gastrointestinal surgery, urinary tract surgery
and unsterilized urinary catheter.
Diagnosis: urine culture and blood culture
Treatment:
-Norfloxacin + Trinethoprin sulfamethoxazole for UTI
-Quinupristin + Dalfoprinstin (two different antibiotic) for the treatment of biliary tract infection.
-
Prevention
the surgical instruments should be sterilized properly before doing the surgery
give Cefazolin during the surgery
the urine catheter should be sterilized properly and it should be properly inserted in to the urinary tract
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Gram positive rod shaped bacteria
Pathogenic
I. Bacillus anthracis: it is a gram positive spore forming rod shaped bacteria look like drum stick shape. The spore is look like
the round shape structure which can live in the extreme climatic condition.
Virulent factor:
1. Capsule: it has antiphagocytic action
2. Anthrax toxic: it comprises of three portion ulcer contain protective antigen, edema factor and lethal factor.
* Protective antigen: it helps the toxin to binds with host cell surface.
*Edema factor: the function is to make edema (swelling) in tissue
*Lethal factor: it is responsible for causing cell death or necrosis
Disease
The B.anthrasis cause anthrax disease. There are three type of anthrax disease.
1. Inhalational anthrax: There is inflammation in the lung due to B.anthracis. the B.anthracis spore normally found in the
soil and can directly enter in to the respiratory tract while inhalation. It can also transmitted from the B.anthracis infected
animal. Symptom like chest pain, cough, fever, yellow coloured sputum and general weakness.
2. Gastrointestinal anthrax: The server inflammation in the gastro intestinal tract due to bacillus anthracis contaminated
vegetables, fruits and animal meat. The symptom like abdominal cramps, bloody vomiting, bloody diarrhea, abdominal
pain and loss of appetite.
3. Cutaneous anthrax: The bacillus anthracis spores can easily enter into the skin (cutaneous) region when there is an injury
which cause server inflammation over there. The symptoms like ulcer in the skin, redness and blister ( pus is filled in small
lesion)
Transmission: The bacillus anthracis spores are easily transmitted from the soil, contaminated vegetable, fruits, infection
meat, air (by inhalation) and fly bite.
Diagnosis:
- blood, sputum, stool and wound culture to find out this bacteria
- chest x’ray to find out the lung infection
-
Treatment
Ciprofloxacin or doxycycline or vacomycin or Erythromycin for the treatment of B.anthracis infection
Erythromycin cream for contaneous anthrax
-
Prevention
wash vegetables and fruits before eat
cook properly and make more than 100 0c of meat to prevent from B.anthracis gastrointestinal anthrax
the wound must be maintain properly
keep away fly bite
II. Clostridium tetani: it is a gram positive spore forming rod bacteria it look like drum stick shape and the inside spore look
like spherical or round shape.
Virulent factor: Tetanospasmin it is exotoxin and also calls neurotoxin because it attacks the nervous system and cause
infection. This bacterial spores are present in the soil, if any injury or wound in the body can easily enter and penetrate in to the neral
blood flow then the toxin is released from the spores and directly blocks the release of glycine and GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric
Acid) neurotransmitter. This neuron transmitters are involving in the muscle relaxation (inhibitory neuron transmitters) when this
toxin is blocking these neuron transmitter the patient will get server muscle contraction (spasm).
Disease
Tetanus: the server muscle contraction or muscle spasm due to tetanospasmin released from C.tetani bacteria
which blocks the cilycin and GABA. The symptom like server muscle stiffness unconsciousness and felling exitation.
Transmission
The C.tetani spores normally found in soil, if any injury or wound in the body this bacteria can easily enter and
cause disease.
Diagnosis: blood culture, CSF culture and physical appearance
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Treatment:
-Tetanus immunoglobulin injection (antibody)
-vacomycin or ceftriaxone+ Metronidazole
-Valium injection (antispasmodic drug)
-most important the patient has to admit immediately and should be treat at least 1 week or 10 days.
Prevention
DPT vaccine: it contains three vaccines namely, Diphtheria pertusis and tetanus vaccine prevent from those three
diseases.
III. Clostridium botulinum
It is gram positive spore forming rod bacteria look like drum stick structure.
Virulent factor: Botulinum toxin: it is an neurotoxin and also called as exotoxin. This toxin specifically attacks acetyl
choline neuron transmitter in the myoneural junction lead to flaccid paralysis. Because the acetyl choline is an important
neurostransmitter for muscles contraction.
Disease: Botulism: this is the rare condition that the stopped muscle contraction due to C.botulinum and the patient will
not be able to contract the muscle. If the lung muscle is stopped to contract the patient will go to fatal condition. The botulism is also
called as flaccid paralysis and there are three type of botulism.
*Food borne botulism: the paralysis due to ingestion of contaminated foods especially improperly preserved food (Tin or Cans
food)
*wound botulism: this bacteria can also enter through wound and cause paralysis is called wound botulism.
*Infant botulism: the infant is getting paralysis due to ingestion of contaminated honey. The symptom like muscle weakness dry
mouth, slurred speech, difficult to swallow foods, difficult to move body, vomiting and diarrhea.
Transmission: from the soil, can enter to the wound and cause disease. It is also transmitted from contaminated food
including honey.
Diagnosis:
-Elisa technique (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay) to check the botulinum toxin found in blood.
-Physical appearance
-collecting patient history from the relative
Treatment:
-Botulinum antitoxin: it is an antibody getting from the horse that attacks specifically the botulinum toxin
-Vacomycin or ceftriaxone
-Metronidazole
-make respiratory facility to supply oxygen
-Human botulinum immunoglobulin for infant botulism
-most importantly the patient has to admit immediately
Prevention:
-Avoid contaminated foods and honey
-use quality food products including tin or cans foods
-the wound properly cleared and closed it with band-acid
-the food must be cooked properly before eat
IV. Clostridium perfringens: It is a gram positive spore forming rod shaped bacteria and the size range between 1-4µm.
Virulent factor:
1. α-toxin: it is an exotoxin which contain lecithinase enzyme which damage mammalian cell membrance, erythrocytes, leukocytes
and patelets.
2. Enterotoxin: it attacks the mucus membrance and to release the fluid and intracellular proteins. The patient will get diarrhea and
vomiting due to enterotoxin.
3. Degradative enzyme: the C-parfringens contain Dnase which attaks DNA, proteases which damage proteins, hyaluronidase
enzyme that brak the collagen.
The most important degradative enzyme is to make gas formation in the tissue.
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Disease:
1. gas gangrene: the formation of gas in the necrotic tissue or dead tissue due to C.perfringens. the gas gangrene tissue will not
have blood circulation, vasoconstriction and increased vascular permeability. The gas includes Hydrogens 5,9%, CO2 7,4 %, N2 74%
and O2 16% found in the gas gangrened tissue. The gas gangrene happens due to burn injury, accidental and surgical wound
whenever the C.perfringens enter in this regions will produce gas formation and make the cell to die the symptom like swelling or
edema, pain, pus formation (rare), loss of sensation and fever. If it is not treated immediately the patient will die.
2. food poisoning: the ingestion C.perfringens contaminated food will lead to server gastro intestinal problem including diarrhea,
vomiting, abdominal pain, fell fullness and loss of appetite .
3. clostridial endometitis: the neurotic tissue formation in the uterus region due to improper treatment or surgery with abortion
the improperly cleaned fetus will leads to necrotic tissue with gas formation ( gas gangrene) will lead to fatal. If the doctor using
unsterilized surgical instruments will cause this disease.
Symptom: Excessive vaginal bleeding, excessive vaginal fluid discharge with pus, server pain and fever.
Transmission: the bacteria is normally found in the soil, air hospital environment and contaminated food will cause disease
Diagnosis: blood, wound, stool culture, x-ray and CT-scan to see the gas gangrene in the GI-tract and uterus.
-
Treatment:
wound debridement (surgical removal of necrotic tissue)
Clindamycin is also administer while doing the surgery
-
Prevention
wound maintain ( use antiseptics like Betadine)
give Cefdiniv (antibiotic) to accidental case
avoid contaminated food
look properly before eat
V. Clostridium difficle: It’s a gram positive rod shaped spore forming bacteria
Virulent factor:
1. Toxin-A: it is also called enterotoxin that make inflammation in the GI tract
2. Toxin-B: it is also called exotoxin or cytotoxin which attacks the protein synthesis in human body.
Disease
Pseudomembraneuse colitis: the false membrane formation in the colon region, due to C.difficile this bacteria is normally found in
the hospital environment mainly toilet whenever the chronic patient is talking regular antibiotics will have ulcer formation in the GI
region. When the patients is having the ulcer in the GI tract if the bacteria enter to the ulcer region will make server inflammation
over there with the formation of Pseudomembrance (accumulation of bacteria in the GI region).
Symptom: diarrhea, abdominal pain and abdominal tenderness (fell pain when pressure cones).
Transmission: This bacterium is found in the hospital environment and can easily transmitted through fecal and oral
contaminated.
Diagnosis: stool culture and endoscopy ( it is an instrument fixed with camera to easily find out ulcer, tumor or cancer in
the UI tract.
-
Treatment:
stop Ampicilin or Clindamycin immediately
Laproscopic surgery to remove Pseudomembracne
Administer with Vacomycin + Metronidazole
Give portoprozole or Rebeprozole (antiulcer drug) before food (15mn).
Prevention
-chronic patient give Partoprozole or Omeprozole or Rabeprozole with antibiotic
-the hospital environment should be more hygienic always
-avoid contaminated food
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VI. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
It is a gram positive rod shape look like L shape or V shaped appearance
Virulent factor: Diphtheria toxin: it is an exotoxin which is highly protein paten toxin, have to subunits namely A and B
subunit. The B-subunit bind to mucus membrane in the throat region as well as skin and then the A-subunit invade the tissue
especially the throat region and skin.
Disease:
1. pharyngell and tonsillar diphtheria: the inflammation condition in the pharynx and tonsils region due to the diphtheria toxin
release from C.diphtheriae. these toxin also invade the nasal region and cause inflammation over there. The symptom like sore
throat, swollen in the throat region, dry cough, pain and fever. This disease is common in children.
2. Cutaneous diphtheria: it is inflammation condition in the skin due to C.diphtheriae. whenever the bacteria enter into the skin
through injury or wound can attacks the cutaneous layer of the skin and cause infection. The symptom like skin ulcer, redness
around the infected region, pain and fever.
Transmission: this bacteria is easily transmitted from infected patient to normal patient through respiratory droplets. It can
also transmitted from soil to the wound can cause disease.
Diagnosis: Mucus or nasopharyngel swab culture to find out this bacteria
Treatment: Erythromycin
Prevention: DPT vaccine
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Summaries
Gram positive bateria
Gram positive bacteria contain 40 layer of peptidoglycan, cell
wall contain Fibrillar layer act as virulent factor and Teichoic
and Lipoteichoic acid.
Gram positive bacteria are two shape
* Gram positive cocci
v. Enterococcus faecalis
-Disease: Urinary tract infection, biliary tract infection, acute
cholocystitis, cholangitis
-Treatment: Norfloxacin+ trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole for
UTI, Quinupristin+Dalfoprinstin
* Gram positive
I. staphy loccal infection
i. staphylococcus aureus
-Phathogenesis: coagulose enzyme, catalase, protein-A,
Enterotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, Exfoliatin,Leukocidin.
-Disease: Abscess or wound infection, Gastritis, toxic shock
syndrome toxin, Folliculitis,staphyloccal scalded skin syndrome.
-Treatment: Vacomycin
ii. staphylococcus epidermidis
-virulent factor: Glycocalyx
-Disease: Endocarditis, Prothetic hip infection, neonated sipsi.
-Treatment: Vacomycin+Hentamicin+Refampicin
iii. staphylococcus saprophyticus
-virulent factor: pilus
-Disease: (UTI) urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, pyclorephritis
-Treatment: Norfloxacin or Norfloxacin+Trimethprin
sulfamethoxazole
i. streptococcus pneumonia
-virulent factor: Pilus, capsule pneumolism
-Disease: pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media
-Treatment: Cephalexin to kill s.pneumonia+cetrizene for
runny nose
II. clostridium tetani
-virulent factor: tetanospasmin
-Disease: Tetanus
-Treatment:Tetanus immunoglobulin injection, Vacomycin or
cefriaxon+Metronidazole, Valium
IV. clostridium perfringens
-virulent factor: α-toxin,Enterotoxin,Degradative enzyme
-Disease:gas gangrene,food poisoning,clostridial endometitis
-Treatmen: wound debridemen,Clindamycin
ii. streptococcus pyogenes
-virulent factor: capsul, streptolysin “s” and “O”, protein-F,
Dnase, Exotoxin, Hyaluronidase
-Disease: Pharyngitis, cellulitis, Rheumatic fever impetigo.
-Treatment: Cephalexin
iv. Streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis
-Virulent factor: Glucans
-Disease:Dental caries,Endocarditis
-Treatment
- Streptomycin or Gentamicin of dental caries
- Warm salt water gargle is important
- Vacomycin + Gentamicin for endocarditis
I. Bacillus anthracis
-virulent factor: capsule, anthrax toxic( protective antigen,
Edema factor, Lethal factor)
-Disease: Inhalational anthrax, Gastrointestinal anthrax,
Cutaneous anthrax
-Treatment: Ciproxacin or doxycycline or vacomycin or
Erythromycin, Erythromycin cream for contaneous anthrax
III. clostridium botulinum
-virulent factor: Botulinum
-Disease: botulism (food, wound, infant botulism)
-Treatment: Botulinum antitoxin, vacomycin or ceftriaxone,
metronidazole, make respiratory facility, human botulinum
immunoglobulin for infant botulism
II. streptococcal infection
iii. Steptococcus agalactiae
-virulent factor: capsul
-Disease: Neonated meningitis,omphalitis, Endometritis,
osteomyelitis
rod shaped bacteria
V. Clostridium difficle
-Virulent factor: Toxin-A,Toxin-B
-Disease: Pseudomembraneuse colitis
-Treatment
- stop Ampicilin or Clindamycin immediately
- Laproscopic surgery to remove Pseudomembracne
- Administer with Vacomycin + Metronidazole
- Give portoprozole or Rebeprozole (antiulcer drug) before
food (15mn).
VI. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
-Virulent factor: Diphtheria toxin
-Disease: pharyngell
and tonsillar diphtheria, Cutaneous
diphtheria
Treatment: Erythromycin
*******************
Sorry for any mistakes that happen and happy for tell
me about my mistakes. You can download it from
www.sovann.co.nr
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Gram-negative bateria
Pathogenic gram-negative cocci bacteria
I. Neisseria gonorrhoeae: it is a gram-negative cocci bacteria look like kidney or been shaped structured.
1.
2.
Virulent factor:
Ig-A protease: it is a toxic enzyme that specifically attacks the IGA (immunoglobulin-A or antibody-A) which facilitate the
infection
Pilus: it is made up of pilin protein which bind with the cell surface to cause infection.
Disease: this bacteria cause Gonorrea disease or (STD) to the human.
Gonorrhea in the men: the infection in the genital region like pinis as well as the pelvis region also the symptom like preseminal
fluid discharge, pain, burning sensation, itching, felling uncomfortable, fever and irritation while pass the urine.
Gonorrhea in the woman: the N-gonorrhoeae invade the vaginal, vulva and also make infection in the urethra to cause server
inflammation. The symptom like excessive vaginal fluid (yellow coloured fluid) discharge, burning sensation, itching, dysuria, pain
and feeling uncomfortable.
Gonococcal pharyngitis: the inflammation in the larynx due to N-gonorrhoeae. This disease is common in the people who have
habit of oral sex with infection partner.
Neonatal Conjunctivitis: the bacteria can also cause inflammation in the conjunctival region of the eye to cause server infection
in the neonate. This bacteria is transmitted from mother to baby and the symptom like closured eyes, pain, fever and sometime the
loss of eyes will happens when it is not treat immediately.
Transmission: Multi sexual contact including oral sex, mother to child
Diagnosis: physical appearance of the genital region, patient history, vaginal fluid culture and seminal fluid culture.
Treatment: Ceftriaxone is an effective
Prevention: avoid multi sexual activity and use condoms
II. Neisseria meningitis: it is a gram negative cocci bacteria look like kidney or been shaped structure. It is also called
mingococcus bacteria.
1.
2.
3.
Virulent factor:
capsul: it has antiphagocyte action
Ig-A (immunoglobulin-A) and facilitate the infection.
Endotoxin: it cause inflammation, fever and shock.
Disease: Meningococcal meningitis: it is an inflammation condition in the meninges due to N-meningitidis. the symptom
like stiff neck, headache, confusion, hyperactivity, fever and fatigue.
Transmission: this bacteria is transmitted through respiratory droplets only.
Diagnosis: CSF culture, blood culture, brain MRI
Treatment: Ceftriaxone
Prevention:
- Meningococcal vaccine
- avoid contact with infection person
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Pathogenic gram negative rod bacteria
I. Escherichia coli (E-coli): it is gram negative flagellated rod shaped bacteria.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Virulent factor:
pilus: it is an extra hair like structure to attack the host cell
capsul: it can protect to the bacteria from phagocyte
Endotoxin: it cause server and shock
Enterotoxin: it cause watery and sometime bloody diarrhea.
2.
3.
Disease:
Traveller’s diarrhea: the diarrhea disorder happens with frequent travelers the E-coli bacteria can easily contaminate food
and water can make diarrhea.
UTI: the infection in the urinary tract including urethra, bladder, ureter and kidney
Neonatal meningitis: this E-coli bacteria can easily transmit from mother to neonate and cause infection in the meningitis
-
Transmission:
through contaminated food
mother to child
unsterilized urine catherter
ascending way to enter from the contaminated place to urinary tract while passing the urine.
1.
Diagnosis: CSF culture, urine culture, stool culture
Treatment:
-Norfloxacin+ trimethoprin sulfametho xazole for UTI
-ceftriaxone for neonate meningitis
-Ciprofloxacin + Ornidazole for travels diarrhea
-used electrolytes as a rehydration treatment
Prevention:
-avoid contaminated food and water
-give ampicillin or penicilling to pregnant woman
-used sterilized urine catherter
II. Salmonella typhi: it is a gram positive flagelled rod shaped bacteria. The size of the cell bacteria 0,1-0,3 µm
Virulent factor:
1. flagella: it is an extra hair like structure help the bacteria to attack the host cell surface it is also celled ‘H’ antigent
2. Endotoxin: it cause fever and also called ‘o’ antigent
3. capsul: it is made up of polysaccharide that fight agent phagocytes. It is also called ‘vi’ antigent
Disease: typhoid fever it is a high body temperature due to S-typhi. The body temperature between 100 0F – 105 0F with
diarrhea rarely. The fever will be there for 7-14 days. The symptom like fatigue, malaise, bodyache, vomiting sensation, loss of
appetite and abdominal pain (rarely).
Transmission: through contaminated food and water
Diagnosis: blood culture, WIDL test ( it is a blood test to find out the S.typhi found in the patient bloody.
Treatment:
- ciprofloxacin for 10-12 days
-Ornidazole for diarrhea
-Electrolytes as a rehydration treatment
Prevention:
-Capsular polysaccharide vaccine for typhoid fever
-Avoid contaminated food and water
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III. Vibrio cholerae: it is a gram-neagative camma shaped
Virulent factor: choleragen: it is an enterotoxin also called cholera toxin it invade the mucus membrane in the GI tract lead
to massive of fluid (water) and ions in the form of diarrhea.
Disease: Cholera: it is an acute diarrhea condition due to v.cholerae. the symptom like watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps,
weigh loss. Weakness, anoexia etc.
Transmission: transmission maninly throght fecal and oral contamination that mean contaminated food and water as well
as from the feces and this bacteria can spread.
Diagnosis: stool culture
Treatment:
- ofloxacin + Ornidazole
- Electrolytes
Prevention:
- avoid contaminated food and water
- keep the patient toilet more clear
IV. Shigella dysenteriae: it is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria
Virulent factor: shigatoxin: it is an entero toxin attacks the mucus membrane to cause bloody diarrhea
Disease: dysentery it is an acute diarrhea disorder which excessive release of the fluid and ions in the form of bloody
diarrhea.
Transmission: transmission maninly throght fecal and oral contamination that mean contaminated food and water as well
as from the feces and this bacteria can spread.
Diagnosis: stool culture
Treatment:
- ofloxacin + Ornidazole
- Electrolytes
Prevention:
- avoid contaminated food and water
- keep the patient toilet more clear
V. Campylobacter jejuni: it is a gram- negative microaerophilic rod and bacilli bateria
Virulent factor: enterotoxin: it invade the mucus membrane in the stomach and small intestine lead to water and blood
diarrhea.
Disease: Campylobacterosis: it is an inflammation condition in the gastro intestinal region due to c.jejuni. it is also called
as gastroenteritis. The symptom like hamatochezia, abdominal distension, abdominal cramps, anoerexia and watery diarrhea.
Transmission: This bacteria normally present in the animal feces. If the person who ingest the animal feces contaminated
food and water will get infection.
Diagnosis: stool culture
Treatment:
-
-ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin + Ornidazole or metronidazole
- Electrolytes
Prevention:
avoid contamination food and water
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VI. Helicobacter pylori: it is a flagellated mono bacillus gram negative bacteria
1.
2.
Virulent factor:
Flagellar: for attachment to the GI tract (especially stomach and duodenum)
Urease enzyme: it convert the urea in to ammonia from the GI region. One amononia is formed it will damage the mucus
membrane and also neutralizes the HCL in the stomach which facilitate the bacteria can live long time in the stomach to
cause infection.
Disease:
Gastric ulcer and duodenum ulcer: the inflammation in the stomach and duodenum due to H.pylori. the symptom like bleeding,
server addominal pain, loss of appetite, vomiting while brush, diarrhea (sometime) constipation (rarely) and burning sensation.
Transmission: through contaminated food and water
Diagnosis: Endoscopy and tissue scopy, serological to find out urease enzyme found in the blood
Treatment:
- Clarithromycin + Metronidazole + Rabeprazole (or) Ofloxacin + Ornidazole + pantoprazole (10-12 days)
Prevention: - avoid contaminated food and water.
VII. klebsiella pneumoniae: it is a gram negative rod shaped encapsulated bacteria
Virulent factor: 1. capsule: it has antiphagocytic action
2. Endotoxin: it cause fever and shock
1.
2.
Disease:
Pneumonia: the inflammation in the alveoli region of the lungs
UTI: the inflammation in the urinary tract
Transmission:
this bacteria normally found in the hospital environment and it is transmitted easily through respiratory droplet and unsterliezed
urinary catheter.
Diagnosis: sputum and urine culture with gram staining procedure to find out this bacteria
Treatment:
-Norfloxacin + trimethoprin sulfamethoxazole
-Cephalexin or Erythromycin → Pneumonia
Prevention:
-used sterilized urine catheter and proper insertion is important
-make hospital environment more hygienic
VIII. Proteus vulgaris and P.mirabilis
It is maltiflagellated gram negative rod shaped bacteria
1.
2.
Virulent factor:
flagella: it help the bacteria to move and adhere in to the host cell surface.
urease: it is an enzyme that convert the urea into ammonia in the urine then the ammonia will damage the epithelial layer
in the UT and increase the alkalin PH in the urine lead to stone or calculi formation in the bladder or kidney.
Damage epithelial layer→ UTI
urease→ ammonia
increase urine PH → stone formation
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2.
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Disease:
calculi: the formation of stone in bladder or kidney due to change in the Ph cause by ammonia the calculi is composed of
Megnesium ammonia hydroxide, it is also called as stuvite
UTI: the inflammation in the urinary tract
Transmission:
Through ascending way to enter in to the urinary tract and cause infection
Diagnosis: urine culture, scan to identify stone
Treatmetn:
-Norfloxacin with trimethoprin sulfamethoxazole or cefotaxine
-avoid calcium contain foods
-drink plenty of water
-laser surgery if the stone size is more then 10 mm
Note( banana stem juice) drink in the morning
Prevention: avoid urination at contaminated place
IX. Pseudononas aeruginosa: it is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria
1.
2.
3.
Virulent factor:
pili and flagella: help the bacteria to moved and attach
Exotoxin: it attach the skin tissue and mucus membrane in the respiratory tract and cause infection
Endotoxin: cause fever and shock
Disease: 1. wound infection: Abscess or infection in the injured region due to P.aeruginosa. the symptom are pus shock ,
pain.
2. Pneumonia, 3sepsi( bacteriaemia): infection in the blood as well as inflammation in the internal organs. The symptom like
jaundice, hemorrhage, weakness fever and bodyache.
Transmission: through respiratory droplets and wound entry
Diagnosis: wound, blood, sputum culture
Treatment:
- cepholexin → pneumonia
- ceftriaxone → sepsis and wound infection
Prevention: use cefdiniv for wound infection
X. Haemophilus influenzae: it is a coccobacillus bacteria
Virulent factor:
1. Ig-A prolease: it is an enzyme that attack Ig A
2. capsule: it act against phagocytes
Disease: 1. pneumonia, 2.otitis media, 3. sinusitis, 4.mengitis
Transmission: sputum and CSF culture
Treatment:
- cephalexin for pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis
-ceftriaxon for meningitis
Prevention: capsular polysaccharide vaccine give along with DPT vaccine.
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XI. Bordetella pertusis: it is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria
Virulent factor: 1. pili: for attachment
2. pertussis toxin: it is a portent toxin that attack the lymphocytes which make infection in the respiratory tract
3. Adnylate cyclase: it is an enzyme that active against phagocytes
4. tracheal cytotoxin: it damage the traches
Disease: pertussis or whooping cough: it very common disease in children that there is an inflammation in the respiratory
tract when the patient have pertussis. This symptom like high pitch sound or bark sound will come while coughing, cough ends with
vomiting, thick yellow color sputum, fever and the cough will be there for 1-4 weeks
Transmission: through respiratory droplet
Diagnosis: sputum calture
Traeatment: Erythromycin
Prevention: DPT vaccine
XII. Brucella abortus, B suis, B melitensis
There are gram negative coccobacillus bacteria also called as zoomotic bacteria. These attacks primarily animals and from the
animals. The human will get this bacteria lead to infection.
Virulent factor: Endotoxin: it invades reticuloendothelial cell like liver, lymph node, spleen and bone marrow and cause
fever.
Disease: UNDULANT fever or Brucellosis: it is a fever with inflammation condition in the reticuloendothelial system. It is
an irregular fever that means sudden increase and decrease of body temperature. The other symptom like lymphadenopathy,
hepatospleenomegaly ect.
-
Transmission:
B.abortus transmitted from cattle
B.suis transmitted from pig
B.melitensis transmitted from goat and sheap
When the person who touches the contaminated animal that mean infected animal meat, ingestion of infected meat and milk.
Diagnosis: blood culture, Agglutination test is a blood test ( serological test) to check this bacteria
Treatment: Tetracyclin + Gentamycin
Prevention: avoid infection animal meat and milk products
XIII. Francisella tulareasis: it is a small coccusbacillus gram negative bacteria. This bacteria primarily attack the fox and rodent
(mice, rod, squirrel, etc). from those animal it will be transmitted through tick (vector) by bite to the human then the human will get
infection it is also called as zoonotic bacteria.
Virulent factor: the exact toxin is not clearly understood specially the endotoxin but this organism attack the
recticuloendothelial system.
Disease: Tularema: it is ulcer formation in the tick bite region of the body in this condition the patient will have symptom
like fever, hemorrhage in the bite region, swelling lymphadenopathy, hepathospleenomegaly and weakness.
Transmission: this bacteria is transmitted through tick from infection animal to humans.
Diagnosis: it is difficult to culture and can indentified by Agglutination test.
Treatment: Streptomycin
Prevention:
- keep away from tick bite
- use insecticides to kill the insects
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Acid Fast Bacteria Infection
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: it is acid fast rod shaped bacteria having rich amount of lipid in the cell wall.
Virulent factor: the virulent factor are not clear understood but this bacteria have rich of fatty acid and wax in the cell wall
of the bacteria which help the bacteria from the phagocytes this bacteria can easily live inside the phagocytes (macrophages) and
multiply over there and damaged the cell to cause sever granulona or tubercle formation in the lungs.
Disease: Tuberculosis or TB: is the granulona or tubercle formation in the lungs, tissue, and other organs of the body
primarily the M.tuberculosis attack the lungs and cause sever infection ( tubercle or granulona or nodule or lesion formation) there.
This bacteria attack many organs and tissue of the body except pancreas, skeletal muscle, thyroid and heart. Whenever this bacteria
goes will make infection there and make tubercle formation. The symptom like initially cough with bloody sputum, chest pain,
difficult to breath, weight loss, weakness, fever, lekaemia (increase WBC count).
Transmission: through respiratory droplet from the infected person to normal person while coughing and sneezing. When the
person who have weak immune system (immunocompromised patient) will get very easily the TB. It can also attacks old age people,
poor nutrition, regular smoker and children.
Diagnosis:
- Tuberculin skin test: inject the tuberculin injection contain purified protein derivative (PPD) into the skin and wait for 48-72
hours. After this duration if any swelling arise in the injected region, you can confirm the patient is TB positive if no swelling
the patient is negative.
- Chest x’ray or CT scan
- PCR- test (polymerase chain reaction test) to identify this bacteria found the serum or sputum
Treatment:
-Rifanpin+ Isoniazial + Pyrazinanide + Ethambutol for 6-12 month
Prevention: BCG vaccine (bacilli calmette gurein)
Spirochetes
1. Treponeme pallidum: it is spiral shaped bacteria. It doesn’t have any virulent factor but this bacteria invade the genital region,
pelvis and conjuctive to cause infection. This can also make sever inflammation in the many internal organ of the body and to cause
sever infection.
Disease: syphilis: it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) cause by T.pallidum. these are three stage of syphilis
1. Primary syphilis: when the bacteria is enter into the body the symptom like ulcer in genital and mouth (oral sex) during this
stage this bacteria will happen between 3-6 weeks.
2. secondary syphilis: the sever skin rash around the body with swelling in the lymph node. It happen after 6 weeks.
3. Tertiary syphilis: this fatal stage, the patient will get sever inflammation in the heart, liver, kidney, bone, brain and eyes. The
patient will get heart attack, liver and kidney failure, paralysis, stroke and blinese.
Transmission: multi sex with multi partners including vaginal sex, penile sex and oral sex
Diagnosis: VDRL test: (venecal disease research laboratory test ) to find out the bacteria found in the serum culture in not
useful.
Treatment: Penicillin-G injection is effective for all stage of syphilis.
Prevention: avoid multi sex activity with multi partner use condoms
2. Chlamydia trachomatis: it is a intracellular bacteria. It is not coming under gram positive and negative or acid fast or
spirochetes. There is no virulent factor has been identify. This attack the genital region, pharynx, pelvis, cervix, lymph node,
conjuntive and rectum to cause infection.
Disease: chlemydia: it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) this bacteria attacks the urethra region of both men and
women to cause urethritis. It attacks the vaginal region to cause vaginitits. if the infection in the penis region is called balanitis. If
the infection in the lymph node near to the genital region is called lymphogrnuloma venereum. If the infection is in the anus is called
proctitis. The neonate will get this bacteria from the positive mother during child birth will lead to neonatal conjunctivitis. The
symptom like itching, burning pain, dysuria, excessive penile and vaginal fluid discharge, pyuria, irregular menstrual bleeding,
swelling around the genital region and fever ect.
Transmission: multi sex with multi partner
Diagnosis: Agglutination test or Elisa test or PCR test
Treatment: Azithromycin or Doxycyclin or levofloxacin
Prevention: avoid multi sex activity, use condome
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Pathogenic gram negative rod bacteria
I. Escherichia coli (E-coli):
-Virulent factor: pilus, capsul, Endotoxin, Enterotoxin:
-Disease: Traveller’s diarrhea, UTI, Neonatal meningitis
-Treatment:
-Norfloxacin+ trimethoprin sulfametho xazole for UTI
-ceftriaxone for neonate meningitis
-Ciprofloxacin + Ornidazole for travels diarrhea
-used electrolytes as a rehydration treatment
II. Salmonella typhi:
-Virulent factor: flagella, Endotoxin, capsul
-Disease: typhoid fever
-Treatment:
-Ciprofloxacin for 10-12 days
-Ornidazole for diarrhea
-Electrolytes as a rehydration treatment
III. Vibrio cholerae: it is a gram-neagative camma shaped
-Virulent factor: choleragen:
-Disease: Cholera:
-Treatment:
- Ofloxacin + Ornidazole
- Electrolytes
IV. Shigella dysenteriae: it is a gram negative rod shaped
bacteria
-Virulent factor: shigatoxin:
-Disease: dysentery
-Treatment:
- ofloxacin + Ornidazole
- Electrolytes
V. Campylobacter jejuni: it is a gram- negative
microaerophilic rod and bacilli bateria
-Virulent factor: enterotoxin
-Disease: Campylobacterosis
-Treatment: -ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin + Ornidazole or
metronidazole
- Electrolytes
VI. Helicobacter pylori: it is a flagellated mono bacillus
gram negative bacteria
-Virulent factor: Flagellar, Urease enzyme
-Disease: Gastric ulcer and duodenum ulcer
-Treatment:Clarithromycin
+
Metronidazole
+
Rabeprazole(or)Ofloxacin + Ornidazole + pantoprazole (10-12
days)
VII. klebsiella pneumoniae: it is a gram negative rod shaped
encapsulated bacteria
-Virulent factor: 1. capsule, Endotoxin:
-Disease: Pneumonia, UTI
-Treatment:-Norfloxacin+trimethoprin sulfamethoxazole
-Cephalexin or Erythromycin → Pneumonia
VIII. Proteus vulgaris and P.mirabilis: It is maltiflagellated
gram negative rod shaped bacteria
-Virulent factor: flagella, urease:
Damage epithelial layer→ UTI
urease→ ammonia
increase urine PH→stone formation
-Disease: calculi, UTI
-Transmission:
-Treatmetn:
-Norfloxacin with trimethoprin sulfamethoxazole or cefotaxine, -avoid calcium contain foods
-drink plenty of water, -laser surgery if the stone size is more
then 10 mm
Note( banana stem juice) drink in the morning
IX. Pseudononas aeruginosa: it is a gram negative rod
shaped bacteria
-Virulent factor:pili and flagella, Exotoxin, Endotoxin
-Disease: wound infection, Pneumonia, 3sepsi ( bacteriaemia)
-Treatment:
- cepholexin → pneumonia
- ceftriaxone → sepsis and wound infection
X. Haemophilus influenzae: it is a coccobacillus bacteria
-Virulent factor: Ig-A prolease, capsule: it act against
phagocytes
-Disease:pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, mengitis
-Treatment:- cephalexin for pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis
-ceftriaxon for meningitis
XI. Bordetella pertusis: it is a gram negative rod shaped
bacteria
-Virulent factor: pili, pertussis toxin, Adnylate cyclase, tracheal
cytotoxin
-Disease: pertussis or whooping cough:
-Traeatment: Erythromycin
XII. Brucella abortus, B suis, B melitensis
-Virulent factor: Endotoxin
-Disease: UNDULANT
-Treatment: Tetracyclin + Gentamycin
XIII. Francisella tulareasis:
-Virulent factor: the exact toxin is not clearly understood
specially the endotoxin but this organism attack the
recticuloendothelial system.
-Disease: Tularema: it is ulcer formation in the tick bite region of
the body in this condition the patient will have symptom like
fever, hemorrhage in the bite region, swelling lymphadenopathy,
hepathospleenomegaly and weakness.
-Treatment: Streptomycin
Acid Fast Bacteria Infection
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
-Disease: Tuberculosis or TB
-Treatment:
-Rifanpin+ Isoniazial + Pyrazinanide + Ethambutol for 6-12
month
Spirochetes
1. Treponeme pallidum:
-Disease: syphilis: it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
cause by T.pallidum. these are three stage of syphilis
-Primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis:
-Treatment: Penicillin-G injection is effective for all stage of
syphilis.
2. Chlamydia trachomatis:
-Disease: chlemydia:
-Treatment: Azithromycin or Doxycyclin or levofloxacin
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