* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download MS Word - CL Davis Foundation
Survey
Document related concepts
Ebola virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Chagas disease wikipedia , lookup
Orthohantavirus wikipedia , lookup
Eradication of infectious diseases wikipedia , lookup
Henipavirus wikipedia , lookup
Visceral leishmaniasis wikipedia , lookup
West Nile fever wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis C wikipedia , lookup
African trypanosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Influenza A virus wikipedia , lookup
Middle East respiratory syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Leptospirosis wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis B wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Avian Pathology Daniel Shaw, DVM, PhD, DACVP, DACPV University of Missouri, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory P.O. Box 6023, Columbia, MO 65205 Part A 1. Respiratory 2. Avian influenza Type A influenza virus, family orthomyxoviridae Very susceptible to detergents, disinfectants and heat Subtypes: 16 hemagglutinins and 9 neuraminidases give rise to subtype designation (e.g. H4N6) No cross-protection between subtypes 3. Pathotype Designation based on ability to kill SPF chickens Nonpathogenic—no clinical signs Lowly pathogenic (LPAI)—mild disease Highly pathogenic (HPAI)--fowl plague 4. Pathotyping Procedure Inoculate 8 SPF chickens: LPAI isolates cause death in 0 to 5 of 8 chickens HPAI isolates cause death in 6 or more or Determination of the amino acid sequence in the hemagglutinin cleavage site or Any influenza virus that is not H5 or H7 subtype, which kills 1 to 5 chickens, and grows in cell culture in the absence of trypsin 5. H5 and H7 All HPAI outbreaks have been due to H5 or H7 viruses HOWEVER, most H5 and H7 isolates are low path viruses 6. Photograph of turkeys in barn infected with LPAI. 7. Infraorbital sinusitis in turkey 8. Convulsing turkey 9. LPAI in Ducks: Don’t usually get sick. They can excrete a lot of virus while infected. 10. Lesions of LPAI: Mild to moderate inflammation of the trachea, sinuses, air sacs and conjunctiva. In laying birds there often is ovarian atresia and involution of the oviduct. Secondary bacterial infections (often E. coli) are common. 11. Mucus in pharynx of turkey with LPAI. 12. Airsacculitis/pericarditis: Fibrinous exudate in air sacs, pericardial sac, or abdominal area. 13-15. Photographs of chickens and turkeys with HPAI. 16. Lesions of HPAI: Fibrinous exudate in the trachea, air sacs, oviduct, pericardial sac, or the abdominal area Necrosis in the skin, comb, wattles, liver, kidney, spleen, or lungs Vesicles and ulceration on the combs Cyanosis and edema of the head Edema of the feet, blotchy red discoloration of the shanks Petechiae in the abdominal fat and mucosal and serosal surfaces Necrosis or hemorrhage in the gizzard and proventriculus. 17. Vesicles and ulcerations on the comb 18. Edema of the feet and subcutaneous hemorrhages of the shanks 19. Fibrinous tracheitis 20. Suppurative airsacculitis (abdominal air sac) 21. Multifocal hemorrhage in proventriculus and ventriculus (gizzard) (lesions of both HPAI and Exotic Newcastle disease) 22. Multifocal hemorrhages in intestines (lesions of both HPAI and Exotic Newcastle disease) 23. Diagnosis: Confirmation requires virus detection and serology: Isolation in chick embryos Antigen-capture ELISA PCR assay Agar-gel precipitation test: identify type A internal antigen or detect antibody Pathotyping of the virus 24. Newcastle Disease (ND) RNA virus genus Rubulavirus Paramyxoviridae family Acute, rapidly-spreading, contagious disease of birds of all ages Causes minor to severe mortality in susceptible flocks 25. Pathotype Classified according pathogenicity for chickens Velogenic strains: severe disease and high mortality Mesogenic strains: respiratory disease or marked drop in egg production with less mortality Lentogenic strains: mild respiratory disease and declines in egg production; commonly used as vaccines 26. Lesions Lentogenic: mild tracheitis may be seen in early cases Mesogenic: fluid in the nasal passages, larynx, and trachea; hemorrhages in proventriculus and small intestines Velogenic: congestion and hemorrhages in proventriculus, ceca, and intestines; if in lay may have egg yolk in the body cavity 27. Conjunctivitis 28. Serous airsacculitis 29. Abdominal airsacculitis due to rupture egg yolks (“egg yolk peritonitis”) 30. sick chickens with END infection (Velogenic Newcastle Disease) 31. Dead chickens from velognic ND infections 32. Multifocal hemorrhage in proventriculus and ventriculus (gizzard) (lesions of both HPAI and Exotic Newcastle disease) 33. Multifocal hemorrhages in intestines (lesions of both HPAI and Exotic Newcastle disease) 34. Acute hemorrhage in cecal tonsils 35. Diagnosis: Virus isolation, identification and pathotyping -tissues -Swabs ( trachea, cloaca, and brain) Serology Velogenic Viserotropic ND (Exotic ND) is reportable 36. Infectious Bronchitis (IBV) Acute, contagious disease of chickens Caused by a coronavirus (RNA) Affects mainly the respiratory system but can also affect the kidneys and reproductive tract Several serotypes Delicate virus easily killed by disinfectants 37. Clinical Signs and lesions of IBV Incubation period is 18-36 hours Respiratory signs mild in adults May be severe in chicks Sneezing, gasping, coughing, nasal discharge, sinusitis Secondary bacterial infections may occur Nephrotropic strains cause high mortality rates due to nephritis in young flocks Poor shell and interior egg quality 38. Gasping chick 39. Bronchial plug (fibrinonecrotic bronchitis) 40. Nephrosis 41. Nephrosis 42. Visceral gout 43. Atresia of oviduct 44. Wrinkled egg shells 45. Poor quality of albumin 46. Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) Caused by a herpesvirus. Chickens, pheasants, peafowl of any age. Bloody mucoid to caseous exudate in proximal trachea. Infects ciliated epithelium of trachea producing intranuclear inclusions. 47. ILT—Gasping chicken 48. Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis 49. Hemorrhagic tracheitis 50. Intranuclear inclusions and syncytia 51. Intranuclear inclusions and syncytia 52. Gapeworms (Syngamus trachea) Gapeworms (Syngamus trachea)--carried by earthworms; more severe in young birds. 53-54. Verminous tracheitis 55. Gapeworms (Syngamus trachea) in petri dish 56. Fowl cholera Caused by Pasteurella multocida (Gram-negative bacterium) Septicemia and/or severe pneumonia Chicken, turkeys, and other species Usually over 10 weeks of age Spread in water Carried by mammals such as raccoons, opossums, etc. 57. Fowl cholera: Death losses may be high, especially in turkeys. 58. Fowl Cholera Flock depressed and off feed May find dead birds with few gross changes 59. Acute septicemia results in acute multifocal necrotizing hepatitis 60. Severe acute suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis 61. Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus or A. flavus. (fungus) Causes formation of caseous plugs in bronchi and plaques in air sacs which may have greenish areas. Diagnose by identifying typical fruiting bodies microscopically in crush or smear preparations, detection in section, or by culture. 62-63. Suppurative airsacculitis 64-66. Mycotic bronchitis and airsacculitis 67. Aspergillus sp. fruiting bodies in lactophenol aniline blue stained smear 68. Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia and airsacculitis 69-70. Fruiting bodies and hyphae in GMS-stained sections 71. Chicken Coryza Haemophilus paragallinarum Mortality often low, morbidity up to 100% Dramatic drop in feed consumption Drop in egg production 72. Lesions of Chicken Coryza Swollen mucus-filled sinuses Crusted swollen eyelids Swollen face and wattles Reddened trachea with mucus and hemorrhagic exudate May have hemorrhages in internal organs 73-75. Ocular discharge and swelling of infraorbital sinuses 76. Mucopurulent rhinitis and sinusitis 77. Catarrhal rhinitis and sinusitis; conjunctivitis; hemorrhagic tracheitis 78. Petechiae on epicardial fat and ecchymotic hemorrhages on epicardium; petechiae on mucosa of proventriculus 79. Turkey Coryza Bordetella avium Rhinotracheitis (BART) Highly contagious Discharge from eyes and nose, sneezing, labored breathing, head swelling, stunting 80-82. Mucopurulent sinusitis in turkey poults Part B 1. Digestive 2. Coccidiosis Can cause severe enteritis in any age of naive birds. Severe losses may occur in chickens. 3. Requires warmth and moisture—6-8 day life cycle Pasting of vents Blood in feces Thickened and hemorrhagic wall of intestine Intestinal cores 4. Diagram from Diseases of Poultry, 9th Ed. 5. E. acervulina--Multiple tan-white foci in duodenum (multifocal duodenitis) 6-8. E. necatrix--Multifocal hemorrhagic enteritis 9-10. Eimeria tenella—Hemorrhagic typhlitis 11. Photomicrograph: E. necatrix—Enteritis; Macrogametes in crypts in middle small intestine 12. Photomicrograph: Eimeria sp. in Chicken 13. Smear showing coccidia oocysts 14. Hemorrhagic Enteritis (HE) Adenovirus group 1 infection of turkeys Hemorrhagic material in small intestine Dark tarry material in ceca Pale spots on capsular and cut surfaces of spleen Intranuclear inclusions in stem cells of spleen and in tubular epithelium of kidneys EM, IHC Marble spleen disease virus antigenically related. 15-17. Hemorrhagic enteritis in 7-week-old turkey 18-19. Multifocal hemorrhagic splenitis in 7-week-old turkeys 20. Blackhead (histomoniasis) Caused by the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis Necrotizing typhlitis (caseous cecal cores) and multifocal necrotizing hepatitis (round pale foci on liver) Carried by cecal worm which is harbored by earthworms 21. Necrotizing typhlitis and multifocal necrotizing hepatitis 22. Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis 23. Necrotizing typhlitis 24. Candidiasis (Crop Mycosis) Candida albicans Listlessness, inappetence, ruffled feathers C. albicans is found in the environment and in the normal gastrointestinal tract of birds. Overgrowth occurs with poor hygiene and following antibiotic therapy Detect in scrapings, histopathology, culture 25-26. Fibrinonecrotic ingluvitis 27. Candida sp. in smear 28. Trichomoniasis Trichomonas gallinae Also known as canker or frounce Pigeons, raptors, caged birds, other birds less often Affects the upper digestive tract: 29-31. Necrotizing stomatitis, pharyngitis, and esophagitis 32. Avian Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium avium Emaciation Granulomas intestines and other internal organs Usually in older stock on dirt 33. Avian Tuberculosis: Conjunctivitis 34. Avian Tuberculosis: Muscular atrophy due to emaciation 35. Avian Tuberculosis: Multifocal granulomatous hepatitis 36. Fatty Liver Syndrome Associated with excessive caloric intake Pale friable swollen liver Hepatocelluar vacuolation 37-38. Hepatic lipidosis with rupture and hemorrhage 39. Capillaria Sp. Causes unthriftiness if heavy infestation Direct transmission Carried by earthworms or copepods Upper digestive tract and intestine Scrapings, fecal smears, histopath Not prolific egg layers 40. Capillaria Sp.: Atrophy of breast muscle in a quail 41. Capillaria Sp.: Fibrinonecrotic ingluvitis and esophagitis 42. Photomicrograph: Normal crop mucosa 43-44. Photomicrograph: Verminous ingluvitis 45. Capillaria sp. dissected from mucosa 46. Capillaria sp. with eggs in smear 47. Ulcerative Enteritis Caused by Clostridium sp. Often initiated by some other disease such as coccidiosis In many different species 48. Multifocal ulceration in intestine visible through the serosa 49. Integumentary 50. Fowl Pox DNA virus—durable in environment Need abrasions for viral entry Carried by mosquitoes Any age of naïve birds Dry form—on skin Wet Form—mucus membranes of upper GI 51. Fowl pox—Dry Form Raised scabby areas on bare skin (proliferative dermatitis). Mortality may be slightly increased and egg production can drop by 10%. 52. Proliferative dermatitis 53. Proliferative dermatitis, glossitis, stomatitis, and pharyngitis 54. Photomicrograph of lesion showing ballooning of epithelial cells and cytoplasmic inclusions 55. In larynx, mouth, or esophagus; thick caseous plaques may occlude the larynx and cause high mortality. 56. Photomicrograph: Proliferative laryngitis—Ballooning of epithelial cells and cytoplasmic inclusions 57. Exudative Diathesis Vitamin E/selenium deficiency Subcutaneous edema over ventrum 58. Dermatophytosis (Favus) 59. Scaly Face Mite 60. Hematolymphopoietic 61. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD, Gomboro disease) Caused by birnavirus (RNA). Durable virus. Causes problems in young chickens. Swelling and hemorrhage in bursa of Fabricius. Necrosis of lymphoid tissue leads to immunosuppression. Permanent if before 2 weeks of age Transient if over 2 weeks of age 62. Multifocal hemorrhages in bursa; fibrinonecrotic inflammation in bursa; Edematous bursae 63. Gangrenous Dermatitis 64. Marble Spleen Disease (MSD) Acute disease of young adult pheasants (11 to 35 weeks of age) Adenovirus passed in feces Immunosuppressive Find previously healthy birds dead May be associated with physiologically stressful event Mortality rate is variable 65. MSD Lesions Good body condition Mottled spleens, may be swollen or shrunken 66. Multifocal necrotizing Splenitis in young pheasant hens 67. Intranuclear inclusion in lymphoid foliclaes of spleen 68. Musculoskeletal 69. Nutrition Deficiencies Commonly due to errors in feed formulation or manufacture: Diet wholly inadequate for growing poultry (e.g. cracked corn) Diet is balanced but too much scratch grain is also fed and is eaten preferentially Diet is balanced but has been stored too long and nutrients have been destroyed by oxidation A balanced ration was formulated but the feed was mixed incorrectly 70. Perosis Slipped tendon Deficiency in Manganese, Choline, or other B vitamins Inability to bear weight on affected leg Diagnosis: Physical exam or necropsy to detect slipped tendon 71. Chicks unable to stand due to perosis 72. Dissection showing tibiotarsal joints and displaced tendon on one side. 73. Rickets Deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin D or imbalance in Ca/P ratio Enlarged joints and reluctance or inability to stand Find soft bones on necropsy 74-75. Soft bones in young chick with rickets 76. Swollen tibiotarsal joints and deformed tibias in chick with rickets 77. Diagram of Normal Growth Plate 78. Ricketic growth plate vs. normal growth plate in proximal tibias 79. Calcium Depletion in Layers (Caged layer fatigue) When hens lay an egg every day they need: -100 mg calcium per hour to get 2 grams -that equals consumption of 4 grams, or -4% of daily intake of 100 grams of feed and particle size that maintains itself in the gut When they don’t get it: -deficit comes from bones and blood or - calcium output reduced (egg quality or nos.) On a flock basis all these things happen: egg numbers decline, egg shell quality declines and hens are found unable to stand. 80. Immediate effect: Photograph of a hen with low blood calcium, unable to stand 81. Curved keel bone (sternum) in a hen with soft bones Osteomalacia (excessive osteoid) vs. osteoperosis (loss of bone mass) 82. Fractured keel bone tip in a hen with soft bones 83. Enlarged costochondral junctions in laying hen 84. Shell-less Egg 85. Rickets 86. Tibiodyschondroplasia in male turkey (normal on left, affected on right) 87-88. Suppurative osteomyelitis—E. coli, Actinomyces pyogenes Part C 1. Neoplasia 2. Leukosis Complex Chickens Tumors in any internal organ. Marek's disease—herpesvirus (DNA) Lymphoid leukosis—retrovirus (RNA) 3-10. Tumors (Leukosis) in multiple organs of chickens 11. Marek's Disease Herpesvirus shed from feather follicles in dander Peripheral and CNS All ages affected Horizontal transmission 12. “Gray eye” due to infiltration of iris by neoplastic lymphocytes 13. Swollen sciatic nerve (on left; normal on right) due to infiltration by neoplastic lymphocytes 14. Lymphoid Leukosis Family Retroviridae Tumors in bursa are common Rarely in nerves Seen in sexually mature birds Egg transmitted 15. Carcinomatosis 16. Nervous 17. Encephalomalacia Deficiency in Vitamin E Affected birds may be ataxic or in final stages paralysis is possible Hemorrhage and swelling in cerebellum 18. Photograph of chicken with neurological signs due to encephalomalacia 19. Hemorrhagic encephalomalacia in cerebellum 20-21. Multifocal hemorrhages in brain of bird of prey with West Nile Virus infection 22. IHC of West Nile Virus infection in brain 23. Suppurative meningitis (bacterial) 24. Multifocal Suppurative and Necrotizing Encephalitis (Mycotic) 25. Urogenital 26. Nephrosis and visceral gout in a pet bird 27. Urolithiasis Acquired degenerative kidney disease Affects pullets and laying hens Focal mineralization of the kidneys Uroliths block the ureter Atrophy “upstream” of the uroliths Unobstructed kidney tissue undergoes compensatory hypertrophy Kidney asymmetry is characteristic of damage leading to urolithiasis 28-31. Urolithiasis, nephrosis, and visceral gout 32. Suppurative salpingitis 33. Impacted oviduct in Buff Orpington chicken hen 34. Retained right oviduct in leghorn hens 35. Body as a Whole 36. Riemerella anatipestifer Ducks, geese, turkeys, other domestic and wild birds New duck disease, duck septicemia, goose influenza Fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis, caseous salpingitis, meningitis 37. Turkey infected with Riemerella anatipestifer showing neurological signs 38-40. Suppurative pericarditis, perihepatitis, and airsacculitis 41. Suppurative pericarditis 42. Colisepticemia and Airsacculitis (Colibacillosis) Caused by E. coli. Usually secondary infection. Enters via the respiratory tract. Septicemia and airsacculitis. 43. Airsacculitis 44. Airsacculitis, perihepatitis, and pericarditis 45. Airsacculitis and pericarditis 46. Egg Yolk Peritonitis 47. Egg Yolk Peritonitis 48. Erysipelas Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Depression and death Infected birds shed the bacterium which can survive in the soil for years Enlarged liver and swollen spleen Bacterial cultures are diagnostic 49. Cellulitis of snood of turkey 50-51. Hepatomegaly due to Erysipelas 52. Salmonellosis Salmonella spp. Depression and high mortality most commonly in young poultry Vertical transmission for S. pullorum S. gallinarum (group D) and S. enteritidis (group D). Horizontal transmission for “paratyphoids” Omphalitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and typhlitis. Bacterial culture 53. Salmonellosis: Suppurative pericarditis 54. Salmonellosis: Multifocal coalescing myocarditis 55. Salmonellosis: Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis 56-57. Salmonellosis: Necrotizing typhlitis 58. Psittacosis Pet birds Chlamydophila psittaci Turkeys—ornithosis Can be in many other species of birds Conjunctivitis, hepatomegaly, airsacculitis, pneumonia Detect in smears, PCR assay, cell culture, ELISA 59-60. Psittacosis: hepatomegaly 61-62. Psittacosis: airsacculitis and hepatomegaly 63. Chlamydophila psittaci in smear 64. Cardiovascular 65. Ruptured aorta in tom turkey Acute hemorrhage into caudal thoracic air sac 66. Round heart in 3-week-old turkey poult 67. Right Sided Heart Failure (congestive cardiomyopathy) 68. Valvular endocarditis 69. Bacterial Myocarditis: Multifocal coalescing myocarditis 70. Ascites Syndrome Rapidly growing broiler chickens and tom turkeys. Associated with chilling, excessive salt in the ration, high altitude. Genetic disease of the broiler chicken. 71. Ascites