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Fall Biology Final
1. What are the steps of the scientific method? Ask a question, form a hypothesis,
collect data, analyze data, report conclusions
2. What are the characteristics of all living things? Made of cells, diplays
organization, grows and develops, reproduces, respond to stimuli, requires energy,
maintains homeostasis, adapts to its environment
3. What is a control group? The group used for comparison
4. What is the difference between an Independent and Dependent Variable?
Independent variable is the tested factor that might affect the outcome of the
experiment, Dependent variable is the factor that is measured
5. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotic
cells have no membrane bound organelles or nucleus, Eukaryotic cells do
6. What are two of the three premises of the cell theory? All living things are
composed of cells, cells are that basic unit of all living things, cells only come
from pre-existing cells
7. Who coined the term “cell” after looking at cork with a microscope? Robert
Hooke
8. Give two reasons plant cells are different than animal cells? Plant cells have a
cell wall and chloroplasts
9. What is selective permeability and which part of the cell does this apply to? The
ability of the plasma membrane to let some substances pass through and keep
other out
10. How many layers is the plasma membrane? 2, phospholipid BI-layer
11. What are two ways something can transport inside the cell? Diffusion and Active
transport
12. Which organelle controls the whole entire cell? Nucleus
13. Which organelle packages proteins? Golgi
14. What makes plasma membrane? phospholipids
15. Which organelle stores water? vacuole
16. Which organelle digests worn out organelles and food particles? lysosome
17. Which organelle produces energy for the cell? mitochondria
18. This organelle makes proteins? ribosome
19. Do endocytosis and exocytosis require energy? yes
20. What is diffusion? The movement of a substance from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration
21. Give an example of diffusion. Drop of food coloring in a beaker of water
22. What is osmosis? Movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration
to and area of higher solute concentration
23. Give an example of osmosis. Movement of water into a cell
24. All cells have … (fill in the blank) plasma membrane, genetic material,
cytoplasm
25. This is a small, dense area of the nucleus that makes ribosomes. nucleolus
26. This is the basic unit of all forms of life. cells
27. What is the function of the chloroplast? To transform light energy into chemical
energy through photosynthesis
28. If you put a cell itself having 10% solute (90% water) concentration in a container
of water having a 20% solute (80% water) concentration, what do you call the
20% solute concentration solution? hypertonic
29. If a cell and the solution both have a 25% solute concentration and a 75% water
concentration what do you call the solution? isotonic
30. The main function of the cell wall is …support
31. Which of the following is not found in the nucleus (cytoplasm, nucleolus,
chromatin, DNA)?cytoplasm
32. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic
pressure causes…water to move into the cell
33. A hypertonic salt solution has a higher concentration of solutes than a blood cell.
Explain what happens to the blood cell when it is placed in a hypertonic salt
solution. It will shrink
34. Which of the following are prokaryotes? (plants, animals, bacteria, all of the
proceeding) bacteria
35. Which step produces energy (ATP): glycolysis or fermentation? fermentation
36. Without fermentation taking place, why couldn’t glycolysis continue? (think
recycling) no pyruvate
37. Name the two types of fermentation? Alcohol and lactic acid
38. Glucose is one of the reactants in glycolysis. Glucose has six-carbon atoms. At
the end of glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of
ATP and NADH
39. Write the formula for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +
energy
40. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? mitochondria
41. Where in the process of cellular respiration does oxygen get consumed? Electron
transport
42. Where in the process of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced? Kreb’s
cycle
43. Which process of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? aerobic
44. Which process of cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen after
glycolysis? fermentation
45. How many molecules of ATP are produced if cellular respiration is allowed to
continue in the presence of oxygen? 36
46. The green pigment which is present in plant cells and allows them to go through
photosynthesis is _______________. chlorophyll
47. What is the formula for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
48. What organelle does photosynthesis take place in? chloroplast
49. List the stages of mitosis and what takes place in each: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase,
50. What is being synthesized in the synthesis stage of the Cell Cycle? DNA
51. List the steps of the Cell Cycle and what takes place in each: G1-growth phase, SDNA synthesis, G2-cell prepares for mitosis, M-division of nucleus, C-division of
cytoplasm
52. What happens to the chromosome number in daughter cells after mitosis?
Meiosis? Maintained, halved
53. What causes cancer? Uncontrolled cell division
54. When does DNA replication occur during the Cell Cycle? S phase
55. What do the letters DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
56. What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
57. What do the letters of RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid
58. What are the four bases of RNA? Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
59. Define Replication. Making new DNA from existing DNA strand
60. What are the three types of RNA? Messenger, transfer, ribosomal
61. Define Transcription and Translation. Transcription is making RNA from DNA,
translation is making proteins from RNA
62. Draw a Punnet Square to show the crossing of a homozygous dominant brown
dog with a heterozygous white dog and calculate the percentage of brown and
white offspring. 50% HH, 50% Hh
63. What do spindle fibers do during mitosis? Pull apart sister chromatids
64. What type of cell contains centrioles? animal
65. Draw the symbol you would see in a pedigree to show: female, male, carrier,
dominant, recessive
66. Who is considered the founding father of evolution? Charles Darwin
67. What is an adaptation? Characteristic that makes an organism more suited to its
environment
68. What is the difference between coevolution, punctuated equilibrium, and adaptive
radiation? Coevolution occurs when 2 species evolve in response to changes in
each other over time, Adaptive radiation occurs when one species evolves into
many different species, and punctuated equilibrium occurs when rapid evolution
occurs following a long period of equilibrium
69. What is occurring in antibiotic resistance? Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotic
70. Define evolution. change in populations over time