Download STUDY GUIDE – Unit 5 Biology

STUDY GUIDE – Unit 5 Biology
Genetics & Meiosis (chapters 11 & 14)
OUTCOME 5:
Students will explain sex cell (gamete) formation, compare and contrast somatic and sex
cell formation, and apply the basic principles of heredity to a variety of organisms.
I. Explain the process and importance of meiosis in the formation of gametes in
relationship to chromosome number.
a. Chromosomes
i. Review from unit 4:
Chromosome
1. Draw a picture of a chromosome in the box to the left.
Label the sister chromatids and centromere on the
chromosome.
ii. Diploid (2N) Cell
1. Somatic cells (example): ___________________________
a. Human somatic cells have how many
chromosomes? ______
Homologous Chromosomes
2. What does it mean if a cell is Diploid?
________________________________________________
3. Explain homologous chromosomes and draw of a
homologous chromosome pair in the box.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes does a
diploid human cell have? ________
iii. Haploid (N) Cell
1. Gametes (example): _______________________________
a. Human gametes have how many chromosomes?
________
2. What does it mean if a cell is Haploid?
________________________________________________
3. Why is it important that gametes are haploid for human
reproduction?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
b. Human Karyotypes (Analysis of Chromosomes)
i. What are karyotypes? Explain how they are made and how the
chromosomes are arranged?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________
1. How many autosomal chromosomes per cell? ____
2. How many sex chromosomes per cell? ____
3. Normal Female Karyotype = _______________
4. Normal Male Karyotype = _________________
ii. Explain why the male is responsible for the sex of the offspring?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
1. What is the chance (percent) that a female will pass an X to
the egg? ___________
2. What is the chance (percent) that a male will pass an X to
the sperm? _________
c. Purpose of Meiosis
i. What is produced from meiosis?
_____________________________________________________
ii. How does meiosis affect the chromosome number of the cell?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
iii. Types of Meiosis:
1. Oogenesis: _____________________________________
2. Spermatogenesis: ________________________________
d. Process of Meiosis
i. INTERPHASE: DNA Replication (46 doubled to ____)
ii. MEIOSISI (first division)
1. Crossing over occurs causing…
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. Stages: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Telophase/Cytokinesis I
iii. MEIOSIS II (second division)
1. Stages: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase/Cytokinesis II
2. 4 Haploid daughter cells each have ____ chromosomes
iv. ERRORS in Meiosis
1. Explain non-disjunction:
_________________________________________
2. Example of disorder caused by non-disjunction:
_________________________________________
II. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis and the resulting
cells from each process.
a. Meiosis vs. Mitosis (complete chart below)
Mitosis
Meiosis
Function/Purpose of
process?
Is the cell at the
beginning of the process
diploid or haploid?
How many times does
division take place in
process?
After the process, how
many cells are there?
Are the cells diploid or
haploid?
Genetic comparison of
daughter cells to each
other and to parent cells.
III. Describe Mendel’s principles of heredity and compare that to new
discoveries in genetics.
a. Describe what genetics studies.
___________________________________________________________
b. Mendel’s work
i. Explain how Mendel used pea plant to develop the basic principles
of heredity.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
ii. Principle of Dominance:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. Two alleles per gene: 1 allele from mom / 1 allele from dad
2. How are dominate alleles written? ____________________
a. Genotypes for Dominate trait _________________
3. How are recessive alleles written? ____________________
a. Genotype for Recessive trait __________________
iii. Law of Segregation:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
iv. Law of Independent Assortment:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
c. Walter Sutton’s work
i. Chromosomal theory of heredity:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
d. Other exceptions to Mendel’s principles
i. Mutiple Alleles
ii. Polygenic traits
IV. Apply Mendel’s principles of heredity by using punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios of genetic crosses.
a. Solve genetic problems for monohybrid crosses (punnett squares)
i. From punnett square create genotypic and phenotypic ratios
ii. Genotype ____________________________________
1. Homozygous: __________________________
2. Heterozygous: _________________________
iii. Phenotype ___________________________________
V. Describe the purpose of the Human Genome.
a. Describe the Human Genome Project, include when it was concluded and
the purpose or benefits of the project.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. How are karyotypes helpful in identifying genetic disorders or
abnormalities?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Analyze and identify abnormalities in male and female human karyotypes.
VOCABULARY TERMS
GENE
MULTIPLE ALLELES
DIPLOID
GENOTYPE
HOMOZYGOUS
MEIOSIS
AUTOSOME
NON-DIJUNCTION
ALLELE
POLYGENIC TRAITS
HAPLOID
PHENOTYPE
HETEROZYGOUS
MITOSIS
SEX CHROMOSOME
KARYOTYPE
ROOT TERMS
diplo
haplo
ovo
sperm
homo
hetero
MEANING
two
single
egg
seed
same
different
Examples
diploid
haploid
ovary
sperm
homozygous
heterozygous