Download AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function

AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Topics
Textbook Correlations
Homeostasis
Thermoregulation
Endocrine System
Nitrogenous Waste & Excretory Process
Digestion
Gas Exchange and Circulation
Immune System
Neuron, Synapses, & Signaling
Nervous System
Concepts: 32.1
Concepts: 32.1
Concept: 32.2
Concepts: 32.3
Concepts: 33.1-33.5
Concepts: 34.1-34.7
Concepts: 35.1-35.3
Concepts: 37.1-37.4
Concepts: 38.1-38.2
Key Terms
1. action potential
2. Negative-feedback system
3. Helper T-cells
4. Memory cells
5. B-lymphocyte
6. T-lymphocyte
7. antigen
8. Positive-feedback system
9. macrophage
10. antibodies
11. Plasma cell
12. Presynaptic membrane
13. Postsynaptic membrane
14. neuron
15. axon
16. depolarization
17. synapse
18. myelin
19. peripheral nervous system
20. Fight-or-flight response
21. Endocrine & Exocrine
22.Hypothalamus
Recommended work:
Chapter section and review questions
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Animals are complex systems of cells working in a coordinated fashion to monitor
changing external conditions while maintaining a constant internal environment. To
accomplish these tasks, animal cells are organized into systems that are specialized for
particular functions. This unit focuses on the structure of these various systems and how
they accomplish particular tasks.
Cells are organized in the following ways:
1. Tissues: Define tissue:
Describe each of the following four general categories of tissues.
 Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Nervous tissue

Muscle tissue
2. Organ: Define organ:
3. Organ system: Define organ system:
The function of many animal systems is to contribute toward homeostasis.
Define homeostasis:
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Describe how homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback. Illustrate an example.
Describe a positive feedback and give two examples.
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system produces hormones that help maintain homeostasis and regulate reproduction and
development. A hormone is a long-distance, chemical messenger produced in one part of the body that
affects target cells in another part of the body. Hormones have the following general characteristics:
1. Hormones are transported throughout the body in the blood.
2. Minute amounts of hormones can have significant influence on target cells.
3. Hormones may be steroids, peptides, or modified amino acids.
Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific
response pathways.
Define the following terms:
1. Endocrine system
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
2. Endocrine glands
3. Hormones
Positive and Negative feedback regulate most endocrine secretions. The following are
two ways hormones initiate cellular responses, describe and illustrate an example of each
one.
Cell-surface receptors
Intracellular receptors
Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in endocrine
signaling.
Read and summarize page 648.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Illustrate a simple endocrine pathway and describe on example of a simple endocrine
pathway (page 649)
Define the following terms:
1. Hypothalamus
2a. Anterior pituitary gland
2b. Follicle-stimulating hormone
2c. Luteinizing hormone
3. Posterior pituitary gland
Illustrate a neuroendocrine pathway and describe on example of a neuroendocrine
pathway that illustrates positive feedback using oxytocin (page 649) and a negative
feedback using antidiuretic hormone (page 661).
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Describe the difference between water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones,
and how they function.
Summarize the evolution of hormone function (page 653)
Thermoregulation
Animals can be grouped into two groups based upon how body temperature is
maintained: Ectotherms (poikilotherms) and Endotherms.
Describe ectotherms (poikilotherms):
Describe endotherms:
Animals regulate their body temperature by employing the following mechanisms:
Describe and give examples of evaporative cooling:
Describe and give examples of countercurrent exchange.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Describe and illustrate the thermostatic function of the hypothalamus in human
thermoregulation, include the adjustment of surface area to regulate temperature,
vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and countercurrent exchange. (see page 647)
The Respiratory System
Animal cells require O2 for aerobic respiration. If cells are not directly exposed to the
outside environment, then some mechanism must provide gas exchange to internal cells,
delivering O2 and removing waste CO2. The movement of gases into and out of the entire
organism is called respiration.
Describe how carbon dioxide is transport throughout the body, and in your description
write out the equation of the blood buffer system and the function of carbonic anhydrase.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Outline the pathway a molecule of oxygen takes from the air until it is delivered by a red
blood cell to the tissues.
Describe how respiration is controlled, include the role of chemoreceptors and their
location, and use the blood buffer system in your description.
The Excretory System
In general, excretory systems help maintain homeostasis in organisms by regulating water
balance and by removing harmful substances.
Osmoregulation is the absorption and excretion of water and dissolved substances so
that proper water balance is maintained between the organism and its surroundings.
Various excretory mechanisms have evolved in animals for the purpose of
osmoregulation and for the removal of toxic substances. Toxic substances include byproducts of cellular metabolism, such as nitrogen products of protein breakdown.
Describe the following excretory mechanisms.
1. Kidney:
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Draw and label the nephron of the human kidney, give a brief description of each part
and display where filtration, secretion, and reabsorption occurs.(page 659)
Two hormones influence osmoregulation by regulating the concentration of salts in the
urine.
Describe the function of each of the following:

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Aldosterone
The Digestive System
Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules. In an individual
cell, digestion is accomplished by ________________digestion when a______________
containing digestive _________________ merges with a food vacuole. In most animals,
however, the food ingested is too large to be engulfed by individual cells. Thus, food is
digested in a _________________________ cavity by ______________________
digestion and absorbed by individual cells.
During digestion, four different groups of molecules are commonly encountered. Each is
broken down into its molecular components (monomers) by specific enzymes
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Complete the following chart.
Nutrient compound
Monomer
Name one enzyme that aids
in the breakdown
Starches
Proteins
Fats or Lipids
Nucleic acid
Complete the following chart on enzymes.
Enzyme
Salivary
amylase
Origin
Site of action
Functional pH
Action
Pepsin
Proteases e.g.
Aminopeptidase
Maltase
Lactase
Trypsin
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Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic
amylase
Lipase
The Nervous System
The basic structural unit of the nervous system is a nerve cell or neuron.
Draw, label, and describe the function of two neurons end to end, include of the three
parts of the neuron: cell body, dentrite, and axon. And myelin sheath, Schwann cells,
nodes of Ranvier, synapse (synaptic cleft)
Neurons can be classified into three groups by their functions.
Describe the function of the following neurons:
1. Sensory neuron (afferent neurons)
2. Motor neuron (efferent neurons)
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
3. Interneuron (association neurons)
The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a
result of chemical changes across the membrane of the neuron.
Describe the following events of an action potential in a neuron.
1. Resting potential
2. Action potential
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization
5. Refractory period
A nerve impulse propagates from neuron to neuron across a synapse. Describe how this
function occurs; include presynaptic membranes, postsynaptic membrane, and
neurotransmitter.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
The nervous system of humans and other vertebrates consists of two parts that could be
further divided into several more subdivisions.
Create a flow chart demonstrating how each of the following are related: central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic
nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system.
The brain serves as a master neurological center for processing information and directing
responses. Different regions of the brain have different functions. The vertebrate brain is
regionally specialized. The brainstem is made up of the medulla oblongata, pons,, and
midbrain. The brainstem controls homeostatic function, such as breathing, swallowing,
and digestion, and conducts sensory and motor signals between the spinal cord and higher
brain centers.
 Draw the brain that illustrates this point. (pages 772, 773, 776)
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
The Immune System
The internal environment of animals provides attractive conditions for the growth of
bacteria, viruses, and other organisms. Although some of these organisms can live
symbiotically within animals, many either cause destruction of cells or produce toxic
chemicals. To protect against these foreign invaders (and to maintain homeostasis),
humans possess three levels of defense.
The skin and mucous membranes provide a nonspecific first line of defense against
invaders entering through the skin or through openings into the body. A nonspecific
defense is not specialized for a particular invader. Rather, it is a general defense against
all kinds of pathogens. THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE FEATURES THE
FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
Describe and explain the following:
1. Skin
2. Antimicrobial proteins (such as lysozyme)
3. Cilia
4. Gastric juices
5. Symbiotic bacteria
The second line of defense involves several nonspecific mechanisms, as follows:
Describe and explain the following:
1a. Phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes-macrophages)
1b. Natural killer cells
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
2. Complement proteins
3. Interferon
4. Inflammatory response, include histamine, vasodilation, phagocytes, complement)
The immune response is the third line of defense. It differ from the inflammatory
response and other nonspecific mechanisms in that it targets specific antigens. An
antigen is any molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, which can be identified as
foreign. It may be a toxin, a part of the coat of a virus, or a molecule unique to the
plasma membrane of bacteria, protozoa, pollen, or other foreign cells.
The major histocompatibility complex, or MHC, is the mechanism by which the
immune system is able to differentiate between self and nonself cells. The MHC is a
collection of glycoproteins that exists on the membranes of all body cells. The proteins
of a single individual are unique, originating from 20 genes, each with more than 50
alleles. Thus, it is extremely unlikely that two people will possess cells with the same
MHC molecules.
The primary agents of the immune response are lymphocytes, white blood cells
(leukocytes) that originate in the bone marrow (like all blood cells), but concentrate in
lymphatic tissues such as lymph nodes, the thymus gland, and the spleen.

Describe the function of the following types of lymphocytes:
1. B cells and antibodies
2. Plasma cells
3. Memory cells
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
4. T cells
5. Cytotoxic T cells
6. Helper T cells
When an antigen binds to a B cell or when nonself cell binds to a T cell, the B cell or T cell begins to
divide, producing numerous daughter cells, all identical copies of the parent cell. This process is called
clonal selection, since only the B or T cell that bears the effective antigen is “selected” and reproduces to
make clones, or identical copies of itself. Clonal selection results in a proliferation of B cells and T cells
that will engage a specific, invading antigen.
The responses of the immune system are categorized into two kinds of reactions, describe the following:
1. Cell-mediated response, include T cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells,
macrophages, and interleukins.
2. Humoral response, include B cells, plasma cells, memory cells, macrophages, and
helper T cells.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Humans have learned to supplement natural body defenses. Describe the following three
important approaches:
1. Antibiotics
2. Vaccines
3. Passive immunity
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Grid-In Questions
1. At this moment your heart is pumping about 70 mL of blood perheartbeat and your
heart is beating at a rate of 72 beats per minutes. How many liters of blood will you
pump in the next hour? (Answer to the nearest tenth.)
Answer:___________
2. The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of
gases. For example, at sea level the pressure of the atmosphere, a mixture of gases, is
760 mmHg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the mixture, so the partial pressure of oxygen is
(760 x 0.21 = 159.6 mmHg) about 160 mmHg. A mountain climber is about to summit a
small peak with an atmospheric pressure of 510 mmHg. What is the difference in the
partial pressure of oxygen at sea level compared to the mountain peak?
Answer:___________
Essay # 1
Describe a negative feedback loop involved in the maintenance of
homeostasis.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Essay #2
Design an experiment to measure the effect of a drug on animal
physiology. Include the following in your answer:
(a) A description of the animal, drug, equipment, and procedure to be used in
the experiment.
(b) A graph describing the results you would expect from your experiment.
(c) An explanation for your expected results.
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AP Biology Unit 10 Animal Structure and Function
Essay #3
Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive
behaviors. For each of the following types of behaviors, describe an
example in nature, and justify how this behavior is adaptive.
(a) Innate behavior
(b) Learned behavior
(c) Cooperative behavior
(d) Chemical signals
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