Download Replication, Transcription and Translation Notes

Replication, Transcription and Translation Notes
Something to Think about ……
Did you know that some of your cells are dying right now? You may live to the
ripe old age of 100, but most of your cells will have been replaced thousands of
times before you blow out the candles on that birthday cake. Every time that cells
divide to produce new cells, DNA must first be copied. Before we replicate some
DNA, let’s recap …………………………….
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
•
Chromosomes and genes are made of ________________________.
•
_______________ are ______________________________________
that code for a trait such as hair color or eye color.
•
_________________________________________________ are
threadlike structures found in the nucleus that contain genetic information
(genes).
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
DNA Replication
Why does DNA need to replicate?
Do you remember “who/what” goes in the nucleus to copy the DNA?
When in the cell cycle does the DNA get replicated?
How does DNA replicate?
•
The process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle is called
_______________________.
•
When DNA is copied, every cell has a ______________________ of DNA.
•
DNA simply stores the genetic information. _______________________
and __________________________________ do the actual work of
_________________________________.
•
DNA Polymerase: _______________________________ that form
bonds between nucleotides (phosphate, deoxyribose, nitrogen base) during
replication.
Before DNA replicates, do you remember:
1. What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA?
2. How do these nitrogen bases pair up?
DNA Replication
1. The original strand of DNA ______________________________ and
nucleotides base pairs separate.
2. The enzyme __________________________________ is responsible for
the “unzipping.”
3. __________________ DNA strands forms.
Quick Question
During DNA replication, what is the complementary strand of the original DNA
strand below?
A T
G
G
C
T A
After Replication……Transcription Begins….
•
Remember, DNA ___________________ leaves the _________________
so _____________________________________________ of the DNA.
•
The process of RNA making a copy of DNA inside the nucleus is called
_________________________________________________________.
•
____________________________(messenger RNA) sends the
message/copy of DNA to the cytoplasm of the cell. RNA gets the message
out 
•
How does mRNA tell the cell what to do?

What are the nitrogen bases for RNA?
•
How do RNA nitrogen bases pair up?
RNA Transcription
•
_______________________ unzips again (seperates)
•
The enzyme RNA polymerase
_________________________________________________________.
•
When complete, RNA detaches and DNA zips back together
•
Transcription produces mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
•
Once in the cytoplasm, mRNA attaches to a ribosme
_________________________________ a protein
•
Remember ….. Protein synthesis takes place in
_______________________________________
Transcription Illustration and Questions
Translation
•
Translation is the process that translates a _____________________
message into a polypeptide. The translator is ___________________.
•
Polypeptide??????? Polypeptides make up proteins.
•
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
•
During the process of translation, _________________________
sequenced together are referred to as a _________________________.
•
Codons will code for an _______________________________________.
•
In addition to coding for amino acids, there are ______________codons
and a ____________________________ codon.
•
Start and Stop codons ___________ and _____________________ the
translation process.
Brain Teaser: Can you handle it?
Suppose an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm had 300 nucleotides. How many
amino acids would be in the resulting protein?
Translation
How does a cell translate a codon into an amino acid?
•
Set of 3 mRNA’s is a codon. tRNA forms an
_____________________________________ which then codes for an
amino acid.
Coding for Amino Acids: Let’s
try it 
•
AUA: ______________
•
GAG: ______________
•
UUA: ______________
•
AAC: ______________
•
UGA:______________
Another Brain Teaser  Think about this Base Pairing……
•
Original DNA:
T G A C C T
•
DNA Replication:
______________
•
Transcription mRNA: ______________
( set of 3 = codon )
•
Translation tRNA:
______________ ( anticodon )
•
Amino acids: ____________________
Why all this just for amino acids?
•
Amino acids are used in _________________________ of your body to
build the proteins you need to survive.
•
Amino acids _________________tissues, build cells, ________________
antibodies, carry__________________________ …. Just to name a few!
•
There are ____________ amino acids used to make proteins in your body.
•
Amino acids form long chains which are called_____________________.
To put it simply 
1. DNA replicates inside the nucleus
( AT
GC )
2. RNA goes in to make a copy ….. mRNA
( AU GC )
3. RNA goes back into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome
4. tRNA forms anticodons that code for amino acids
( AU GC )