Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Human cytomegalovirus wikipedia , lookup
Foodborne illness wikipedia , lookup
West Nile fever wikipedia , lookup
Ebola virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Orthohantavirus wikipedia , lookup
Marburg virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis B wikipedia , lookup
Influenza A virus wikipedia , lookup
Infectious Diseases Bell Work: Do Now: Name 4 pathogens Name an infectious disease caused by each Non-Infectious Disease Not caused by pathogens Cannot be transmitted to other people Risk factors: Genetics Life-style Environmental factors Examples: Heart Disease, Cancer, Diabetes What is an Infectious Disease? Illnesses that Pass from One organism to another Caused by Pathogens 4 Main Types of Pathogens: Virus Bacteria Fungi Parasites Infectious Disease Can Spread by: Contact with Infected Person: Direct Touching Touching, hugging Cold sores from Kissing Indirect Touching: Inhaling drops of moisture (from sneezing or coughing) Cold & Flu Contact with Contaminated Object Eating Utensils Strep Throat and Mononucleosis Anything that has been coughed or sneezed on Eating or Drinking Food Prepared by Infected Person Infectious Disease Can Spread by: Contact with Infected Animal: Bites Rabies from dogs, raccoon Lyme Disease from Tick Encephalitis from Mosquito Contact with Environmental Sources: Some Virus & Bacteria Live naturally in Food, Soil, & Water Salmonella Bacteria – Undercooked Poultry, Eggs, Meat Tetanus – caused by bacteria that live naturally in soil; enter a person’s body through open wounds Treating Infectious Diseases: Bacterial Diseases: Antibiotics A chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person’s cells When you are given an antibiotic, should you take the whole prescription even after you start feeling better? Why or Why not? Viral Diseases: NO CURE using Medications Can ONLY treat the SYMPTOMS Ex: Flu, Chickenpox, AIDS, Hepatitis C What is the BEST treatment for Viral Diseases? Resting Drinking lost of fluids Eating well-balanced Meals Preventing Infectious Diseases 1. Vaccine Substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific viruses or bacteria Made from dead or altered virus or bacteria Activate the body’s natural defenses…if that virus or bacteria ever invades your body, it is destroyed before the disease is caused. Common Vaccinations: Polio, Measles, Tetanus, Chickenpox Preventing Infectious Diseases 2. Keep Your Body Healthy Eat Nutritious Meals & Fluids Enough Sleep Exercise Washing Hands Do NOT share eating or drinking utensils Store and Cook food Properly Viruses Tiny, nonliving particle that enters THEN reproduces inside a LIVING cell Multiply like other Organisms but ONLY when they are inside a LIVING cell Act like a Parasite in the organism Usually destroy the cells they multiply in Host organism providing the energy for a virus Parasite Organism that lives on or in a host Causes the host harm Virus Shapes 1. Round Chickenpox, West Nile 2. Rod/Tube-shaped Ex. Rabies 3. Robotlike Bacteriophage – virus that infects Bacteria Structure of Viruses 2 Basic Parts: 1. Protein Coat for Protection Allows Virus to Attach to Cells in the Host “Lock and Key” – Cold Viruses infect cells only in the nose and throat 2. Inner Core of Genetic Material Instructions for making New Viruses How Active Viruses Multiply 1. Virus Enters the Cells 2. Virus’s genetic material “Hijacks “ Cell function Forces host cell to produce the Virus’s proteins and genetic material 3. New Protein/Genetic Material forms many new viruses (Copy Machine stuck on “Copy”) 4. Host Cell BURSTS open when Full hundreds of new virus released 5. Host cell dies How Hidden Viruses Multiply 1. Virus Enter the Host Cell 2. Virus’s genetic material Becomes part of the Host Cell’s genetic material BUT does NOT take over 3. When the host cell divides, virus is also copied 4. Under certain conditions, the virus will become active & takes over the cell functions like an Active Virus Can be months or years after Invasion Ex. Cold Sores activated by stress or heat Usefulness of Viruses Gene Therapy Scientists add genetic material to a virus Virus is used as a “messenger Service” to deliver genetic material to cells that need it Being used to treat Cystic Fibrosis Bacteria Single -Celled Prokaryotes Have ____ Nucleus Discovered by Leeuwenhoek by accident Looked at scrapings from his teeth with a microscope and saw tiny, wormlike organisms Structure of Bacteria 1. Rigid Cell Wall Protection 2. Cell Membrane Controls in/out 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribosomes Produces protein 5. Flagellum Long, whiplike structure for movement Not on all 3 Shapes of Bacteria What do Bacteria Need to Survive? 1. Food Autotrophs Produce own food 3. Reproduction Asexual (1 Parent) Binary Fission - One cell divides to form two identical cells Heterotroph consume other organism or food made by other organisms 2. Respiration Breaking down food to release energy Sexual (2 Parents) Conjugation – one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another through a thin bridge Endospores Formation Smal, rounded, thick-wall forms inside a bacterial cell Allows bacteria to survive harsh climatesl Role of Bacteria in Nature Oxygen Production Food Production Bacteria in apple cider Vinegar Bacteria in Milk buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream, cheese Pasteurization Heating food to a temperature high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of food Role of Bacteria in Nature Environmental Recycling Decomposers – break down large chemicals in dead organisms Nitrogen-fixing bacteria - help convert nitrogen gas in the air to nitrogen products plants need to grow Environmental Cleanup Convert poisonous chemicals in oil into harmless substances Health and Medicine Help in Digestion, Produce Vitamins, Prevent Harmful Bacteria Gene Therapy of Bacteria Manipulating Bacteria to make human Insulin 1970 - first medicine-producing Bacteria Manipulating Bacteria to “hijack” Tumors in Cancer patients Fungi Eukaryotes Cell Walls Heterotrophs Reproduce Using Spores Fungi in Nature Make substances to kill Bacteria Ex. Penicillin Fungal Skin Infections: Athletes Foot Ringworm (Not an actual worm) Nail Fungus Fungus IN the body:(in the body): Malaria Mosquitoes (tropical regions) Amebic Dysentery contaminated water supply African Sleeping Sickness Spread by tsetse fly Nerves and brain swell Parasites organism that lives on or in a host organism gets its food from or at the expense of its host In human intestine transmitted through a fecal-oral route contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact In human blood or tissue of humans transmitted through arthropod vectors bite of a mosquito or fly 3 Lines of Immune Defense 1st Line: Natural Immunity Natural, built-in defense system that provides nonspecific protection against pathogens. 1) physical barriers skin, mucous membranes 2) chemical barriers saliva, sweat ,tears, digestive enzymes 3) resident bioflora Good microbes living on our skin and in our bodies help block infection by disease-causing microbes 3 Lines of Immune Defense 2nd Line: Acquired Immunity specific, long-term form of protection that develops over time. inflammation, fever, phagocytosis and nonspecific immune cells Immune cells eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, macrophage 3 Lines of Immune Defense 3rd Line: Acquired Immunity Specific, long-term protection against microbes. 1) T-cells helper and cytotoxic 2) B-cells memory and plasma cells 3) antibodies. Some Infectious Diseases You Should Know Colds Flu Strep Throat Athlete’s Foot AIDS Colds Viral infection in the respiratory system Cold virus attacks the mucous membranes of the nose and throat Common effects of the cold sore throat, runny nose, fever, etc. Can it be treated with Antibiotics? Flu Influenza a.k.a“the flu” a highly contagious viral disease of the respiratory system Symptoms: fever, muscle aches severe cough lasts longer than cold Athlete’s Foot Fungal infection on skin of the feet May be contracted from public environments Grows in warm and moist environment usually between the toes Difficult to cure AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV attacks immune system cells organism is unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body Strep Throat Bacterial infection Symptoms (mild or severe): Fever Pain Redness Swelling of the throat and tonsils Disease/their causes African Sleeping Sickness: protist (vectored by tsete fly) Athlete’s foot fungus Botulism bacterium Chicken Pox virus Hookworm parasitic worm Influenza virus Malaria protist (vectored by mosquito) Trichinosis parasitic worm Tuberculosis bacterium Strep Throat bacterium Amoebic dystentery parastites