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Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Chordata, Amphibians and Reptiles Notes Phylum Chordata The phylum Chordata is divided into 3 subphyla. a. _______________________________________ b. _______________________________________ c. _______________________________________ All of these subphyla at some point in their life _____________________ _____________________________________________. Characteristics of Phylum Chordata ____________ symmetry; segmented body; _____________________; well-developed _____________________. ______________________________ present at some stage in life cycle. ____________________________; anterior end of cord usually enlarged to form _________________. _________________________ present at some stage in life cycle. ______________________, usually projecting beyond the anus at some stage but _____________________________. Ventral ___________, with dorsal and ventral blood vessels; ________ circulatory system. Complete and complex ______________ system. A cartilaginous or bony ________________ present in the majority of members (vertebrates). 8 Classes of Chordates Urochordata - _______________________________ Cephalochordata - ____________________________ Cephalaspidomorphi – _________________________ Myxini – _________________________ Chodrichthyes – ____________________________ Osteichtheyes – _____________________________ Amphibia – _________________________________ Reptilia – _________________________________ Aves - ________________________ Mammalia Subphylum Urochordata • At first glance, you might mistake this creature for a sponge. 1 Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Chordata, Amphibians and Reptiles Notes Adult tunicates look like small sacs (about 3 cm tall) and are ___________ ____________________________________________________________. • Lacking three of the four distinguishing hallmarks of the chordates, it would seem impossible for these animals to be placed in phylum Chordata. • However, tunicates begin life in a larval state, which have _____________ ____________________________________________________________. • Therefore, these immobile animals with tadpole-like larvae are considered chordates. • Urochordate larvae have a _____________ that extends from just behind __________________________________ (rather than from head to tail; Urochordata means "tail-cord") • Many urochordates are more commonly referred to as ________________ • Contain ______________________________________ • The body of an adult tunicate is quite simple, being essentially __________ _____________________ that form two siphons through which water enters and exits. Water is filtered inside the sack-shaped body. Subphylum Cephalochordata • Lancelets are common bottom-dwelling animals that possess ___________ _________________________________________________________ • They dig into the sand and lie with their anterior end protruding from the burrow. • Unlike the urochordates, the _____________ extends along the entire length of their body. • This structure imparts _____________________________ and permits more coordinated ________________________________. • The most common member of this group is Amphioxus. • Adult lancelets show four characterisitc chordate characteristics. Dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, post-anal tail and pharyngeal gill slits. • Lancelets are not filter feeders. Food enters their digestive system directly after entering the pharynx. Class: Amphibia ________________________________ Feet, if present, lack _________________________ Use ______________________________ for respiration. Response - well developed _______________ with advanced brain (ear drums, good olfactory nerves) • 2 Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Chordata, Amphibians and Reptiles Notes Excretion - kidney’s > urinary ducts > cloaca (no anus) Some excretion through skin. Feeding - ___________________________ Reproduction - _________________________. Eggs lack multi-cellular ______________________. Usually lay eggs in water or moist places. Change from aquatic ___________________________________ Movement - well developed ____________ system (strong limbs) and ______________________. Respiration - ______ allows gas exchange (O2, CO2) using lungs and/or gills Circulation – ______________________; ___________________heart (___ atria, ___ ventricle) – 2 Loop System (like humans) • ______________ circulation – carries blood from the ________ to the _____________ and back to the _______________. • ______________ circulation - carries blood to the ________________ Order: Anura Order: Urodela Order: Apoda – ________________ – ________________ – Caecilian – ________________ – ________ present – _______________ – ________________ – ____ for respiration – _______________ ________________ – No larval stage Class Reptilia Characteristics of Reptiles Body covering of ________________________________________. Limbs if present are good for _________________________________ Feet with _____________________ ______________________ – Temperature _____ with the environment. ______________ - Contains a ____________ supply for the developing embryo and can be _____________. Must be fertilized ____________, has a ________________________. Respiration with ____________________ _________________ (3 chambered heart) – increases the division of ________________ and ________________ blood. Large complex __________________. Larger _____________ of brain than amphibians. Excretory system – __________________________________. 3 Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Chordata, Amphibians and Reptiles Notes External development – ____________; mothers do not nourish young. Strong ____________________________. Well developed digestive system. (_____________________________ ________________________________________________) Most live on _________________ but some species are ____________. 4 Orders of Reptiles Order _______ – Horny epidermal scales. Includes _______________. Eg. ______________________________________________________ Order ________ – Bodies with 2 bony shells. Eg. _________________ Eg. ______________________________________________________ Order _______________ – Alligators, crocodiles, caimans and gavials. Order Order Sphenodontia (Formerly known as Rhynchocephalia) tuatara Order Squamata Only _____ of the known ________ species of snakes are venomous. Snakes are more helpful than harmful because they _______________ ___________________________________. Snakes and some lizards have ________________________________. The forked tongue picks up odour bearing particles and they are identified by the ___________________________________________. Venomous Snake Characteristics ________________________ Eyes Pit Vipers have a __________________________. Pit Vipers have a “pit” underneath each eye used as a ______________. Some have unique characteristic marks such as the ________________. Constrictors Many snakes are constrictors that wrap around and suffocate their prey. Snakes can swallow animals larger than themselves because the structure of their jaw ___________________________________. The ribs are unattached at one end which allows the body cavity to expand. The teeth are pointed backward so that prey does not pop out of the mouth. The windpipe is projected forward so that breathing is not blocked. 4