Download APUSH UNIT 6 Dr. I. Ibokette Unit 6: Civil War, Reconstruction and

APUSH
UNIT 6
Dr. I. Ibokette
Unit 6: Civil War, Reconstruction and Deconstruction
 The Civil War
 Reconstruction, 1865 - 1877
 Social Deconstruction, 1870s – 1890s
As always, please use the 4-step guidelines below in reading and taking notes on this unit.
Step 1: Pay attention to the “the large picture” or the central theme of the chapter and write
down the titles of each unit, chapter and sub-headings/sections;
Step 2: Take notes on key points on the assigned chapters’ sub-sections; and pay particular
attention to the key terms and names from the ID list (highlight/underline them).
Step 3: Briefly answer the “study questions” listed at the end of each sub-section.
Step 4: Draw up a timeline of about 7-10 key events/developments from the assigned reading
Essential Questions:
1. To what extent did Lincoln “free the slaves”?
2. How did Northern war aims shift over the course of the war? What were the South’s war
aims?
3. How did the outcome of the Civil War impact the goals of the Reconstruction era?
4. Identify the central policies of Reconstruction. How did they affect post-Civil War society
and economy?
5. To what extent should Reconstruction be considered a success or failure?
A. Highlights of the Civil War
1861: Fort Sumter
1863: The Emancipation Proclamation
1863: The Gettysburg Address
1865:
 General Sherman’s Field Order No. 15
 General Lee’s Surrender;
 Lincoln’s Assassination
Also read and take notes on all Civil War-related handouts including “Chronology of the Civil
War, 1861-1865”;1 and the Emancipation Proclamation.
Chapter 14: The Civil War
1
Fay R. Hansen, American History Teacher’s Book of Lists (West Nyack, NY: Center for
Applied Research in Education, 2000) 201-5
Sub-Sections, Key Names and Terms, and Study Questions
Sub-sections
a. Setting the Stage:
 “Looking Ahead”
b. The Secession Crisis 375
1. Confederate States of America
2. Crittenden Compromise
3. Fort Sumter
Questions:
1. Prior to his election as president, describe Abraham’s Lincoln’s positions on slavery.
2. Could the Civil War have been avoided?
3. How did the Confederate government differ from the fed government of the US?
c. The Mobilization of the North 378; &
d. The Mobilization of the South 388
1. Republican economic policies
5. Emancipation Proclamation
2. Peace Democrats or Copperheads
6. 54th MA Infantry
3. Ex parte Milligan
7. U.S. Sanitary Commission and
4. Confiscation Acts
Dorothy Dix
Questions:
1. How did the North’s mobilization for war differ from mobilization in the South? What
accounts for these differences?
2. Assess the advantages of the North and those of the South at the beginning of the Civil War.
How did the advantages of each side change over the course of the war?
e. Strategy and Diplomacy 391
1. Ulysses S. Grant
2. Jefferson Davis
3. Union blockade
Questions:
1. What were the military strategies employed by the North and in the South from the opening
clashes in 1861 through the Union victory in 1865, and how did these strategies differ?
2. Why did Lincoln issue the emancipation proclamation, and what were its effects?
3. What was “cotton diplomacy” and why did it fail?
4. How did the CW affect the West?
f. The Course of Battle 395
1. 1st Battle of Bull Run
6. Vicksburg
2. George McClellan
7. Gettysburg
3. “Stonewall” Jackson
8. General Sherman
4. Antietam
9. March to the Sea
5. Chancellorsville
10. Appomattox Court House
Questions:
1. What were the differences between the impact of the war in the North and in the South?
2. How did the war affect the lives of women in the North and in the South?
3. What were the major turning points of the war, and why were
4. What key factors allowed the North to win the war?
5. How did the status and role of African Americans change during the Civil War?
6. How did Abraham Lincoln’s thinking about slavery evolve?
g. End-of–Chapter Review, 407
 Looking Back
 Significant Events
Recall and Reflect, 408
h. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments
B. Reconstruction and Deconstruction
Chapter 15: Reconstruction and the New South
Sub-Sections, Key Names and Terms, and Study Questions
a. Setting the Stage
 “Looking Ahead”
b. The Problems of Peacemaking 412
1. Freedman’s Bureau
2. Radical Republicans
3. Lincoln’s 10% Plan
4. Wade-Davis Bill
5. John Wilkes Booth
6. Andrew Johnson
7. “Restoration” Plan
Questions:
1. To what extent did the Civil War resolve the pre-1860 issues that had caused it? What new
problems emerged?
2. In 1865, what major challenges faced the nation? How did the various plans for reconstructing
the nation attempt to address those challenges?
3. How did the assassination of Abraham Lincoln affect Reconstruction?
4. How did Lincoln’s plan differ from those of the Radical Republicans?
c. Radical Reconstruction 416
1. Black Codes
4. Radical or Military Reconstruction
2. Civil Rights Act, 1866
5. 15th Amendment
3. 14th Amendment
6. Johnson’s impeachment
Questions:
1. What were the different political, social and economic goals of Reconstruction and
how did they evolve throughout the era?
2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached? Did he deserve to be removed from office?
3. Why have historians generally considered the presidency of Andrew Johnson a failure?
4. What did the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution do?
How successful was each in practice?
d. The South in Reconstruction 418
1. scalawags
4. sharecropping
2. carpetbaggers
5. crop-lien system
3. freedmen’s education
Question:
1. What were the effects of Reconstruction for Blacks and Whites in the South?
e. The Grant Administration 424
1. Credit Mobilier
2. Panic of 1873
3. William Seward
Questions:
1. What were the political achievements and failures of the Grant administration?
f. The Abandonment of Reconstruction 426
1. Ku Klux Klan
2. Enforcement Acts
3. Compromise of 1877
Question:
1. What was the Compromise of 1877, and how did it affect Reconstruction?
2. What new problems arose in the South as the North’s interest in Reconstruction waned?
3. To what extent were the goals of Reconstruction achieved? Where did it fail and why?
4. Describe and compare the status of southern A/Americans in 1861 with their status in 1876.
5. “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward
slavery.” Explain this assessment by W. E. B. Du Bois of the Reconstruction era by offering
the historical evidence that supports each of the three parts of the quote.
6. Why would the legacy of Reconstruction matter throughout the twentieth century?
g. The New South 430
1. redeemer governments
2. Booker T. Washington
3. Atlanta Compromise
5. Plessy v. Ferguson
4. Jim Crow laws
6. Ida B. Wells
Question:
1. How did the New South differ from the South before the Civil War?
2. What was “new” and what was “old” in the “New South”?
3. How did Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) shape the Jim Crow South?
h. End-of-Chapter Review 440
 Looking Back
 Significant Events
Recall and Reflect, 441
i. A Timeline of seven-to-ten key events/developments
Chronology of the Civil War, 1861-18652
1861
February 1861-The South secedes and forms a Government.
The South Carolina legislature called a state convention and the delegates voted to remove the state of
South Carolina from the United States of America. The secession of South Carolina was followed by the
secession of six more states-Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. At a
convention in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven seceding states created the Confederate Constitution and
Jefferson Davis was named provisional president of the Confederacy. Four more states soon proclaimed
secession-Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, making eleven states in the Confederate
States of America.
February 1861-The South seizes federal forts.
When President Buchanan refused to surrender southern federal forts to the seceding states, southern state
troops seized them. At Fort Sumter, South Carolina's troops repulsed a supply ship trying to reach federal
forces based in the fort.
March 1861-Lincoln's Inauguration.
At his inauguration on March 4, Lincoln announced that he would not accept secession.
April 1861-Attack on Fort Sumter. On April 12, the Civil War began with shots fired on Fort Sumter,
which was eventually surrendered to South Carolina. Later in the month, after Virginia's secession,
Richmond was named the Confederate capitol.
June 1861-West Virginia created.
Residents of the western counties of Virginia did not wish to secede along with the rest of the state. This
section of Virginia was admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863.
2
Fay R. Hansen, American History Teacher’s Book of Lists (West Nyack, NY: Center for
Applied Research in Education, 2000) 201-5
July 1861-First Bull Run.
General-in-Chief Winfield Scott advanced on the South before adequately training his untried troops.
Confederate reinforcements fought in what became a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward
Washington by federal troops.
July 1861-Blockade of the South.
An effective blockade by the federal navy was in place. The South responded by building small, fast ships
that could outmaneuver Union vessels.
1862
January 1 862-Lincoln orders action.
On January 27, President Lincoln issued a war order authorizing the Union to launch a unified aggressive
action against the Confederacy. General McClellan ignored the order.
March 1862-Peninsular Campaign begins.
On March 8, President Lincoln-impatient with General McClellan's inactivity-issued an order
reorganizing the Army of Virginia and relieving McClellan of supreme command. McClellan was given
command of the Army of the Potomac and ordered to attack Richmond, beginning the Peninsular
Campaign.
March 1862-First naval engagement.
Confederate engineers converted a scuttled Union frigate, the U.S.S. Merrimac, into an iron-sided vessel
rechristened the C.S.S. Virginia. On March 9, in the first naval engagement between ironclad ships, the
Union's Monitor fought the Virginia to a draw, but not before the Virginia had sunk two wooden Union
warships off Norfolk, Virginia.
April 1862-The Battle of Shiloh.
On April 6, Confederate forces attacked Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant at Shiloh,
Tennessee. By the end of the day, the federal troops were almost defeated. Yet, during the night,
reinforcements arrived, and by the next morning the Union commanded the field. Casualties were heavy-I
3,000 out of 63,000 Union soldiers died, and 11,000 of 40,000 Confederate troops were killed.
April 1862-New Orleans.
Flag Officer David Farragut led an assault up the Mississippi River. By April 25, he was in command of
New Orleans.
April 1862-The Peninsular Campaign.
In April, General McClellan's troops left northern Virginia and by May 4, they occupied Yorktown,
Virginia.
May 1862-Jackson defeats Union forces.
Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, commanding forces in the Shenandoah Valley,
attacked Union forces in late March, forcing them to retreat across the Potomac. As a result, Union troops
were rushed to protect Washington, D.C.
June 1862-The Battle of Seven Pines Fair Oaks.
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On May 31, the Confederate army attacked federal forces at Seven Pines, almost defeating them; lastminute reinforcements saved the Union from a serious defeat. Confederate commander Joseph E.
Johnston was severely wounded, and command of the Army of Northern Virginia fell to Robert E. Lee.
July 1862-Battles of the Seven Days.
Between June 25 and July 2, Union and Confederate forces fought a series of battles: Mechanicsville
(June 26-27), Gaines's Mill (June 27), Savage's Station (June 29), Frayser's Farm (June 30), and Malvern
Hill (July 1). On July 2, the Confederates withdrew to Richmond, ending the Peninsular Campaign.
July 1862-Halleck Commands Union army.
On July 11, Major-General Henry Halleck was named general-in-chief of the Union army.
August 1862-Second Bull Run.
Union General John Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 29-30. General FitzJohn Porter was held responsible for the defeat because he had failed to commit his troops to battle
quickly enough; he was forced out of the army by 1863.
September 1862-Harper's Ferry.
Union General McClellan defeated Confederate General Lee at South Mountain and Crampton's Gap in
September, but did not move quickly enough to save Harper's Ferry, which fell to Confederate General
Jackson on September 15, along with a great number of men and a large body of supplies.
September 1862-Antietam.
On September 17, Confederate forces under General Lee were caught by General McClellan near Sharpsburg, Maryland. This battle proved to be the bloodiest day of the war; 2,108 Union soldiers were killed
and 549 wounded-2,700 Confederates were killed and 9,029 wounded. The battle had no clear winner, but
because General Lee withdrew to Virginia, McClellan was considered the victor. The battle convinced the
British and French - who were contemplating official recognition of the Confederacy - to reserve action,
and gave Lincoln the opportunity to announce his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (September
22), which would free all slaves in areas rebelling against the United States, effective January 1, 1863.
December 1862 - The Battle of Fredericksburg.
Lincoln replaced McClellan with Major-General Ambrose E. Burnside, but Burnside's forces were
defeated in a series of attacks against Confederate forces at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and Burnside was
replaced with General Joseph Hooker.
1863
January 1863-Emancipation Proclamation.
In 1861, Congress had passed an act stating that all slaves employed against the Union were to be
considered free and in 1862, another act stated that all slaves of men who supported the Confederacy were
to be considered free. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, declaring that
all slaves in areas still in rebellion were, in the eyes of the federal government, free.
March 1863-The First Conscription Act.
Because of recruiting difficulties, an act was passed making all men between the ages of 20 and 45 liable
to be called for military service. Service could be avoided by paying a fee or finding a substitute. The act
was seen as unfair to the poor, and riots in working-class sections of New York City broke out in protest.
A similar conscription act in the South provoked a similar reaction.
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May 1863-The Battle of Chancellorsville.
Union General Hooker crossed the Rappahannock River to attack General Lee's forces. Lee split his
army, attacking a surprised Union army in three places and almost completely defeating them.
May 1863-The Vicksburg Campaign.
Union General Grant won several victories around Vicksburg, Mississippi, the fortified city considered
essential to the Union's plans to regain control of the Mississippi River. On May 22, Grant began a siege
of the city. The Confederates surrendered, giving up the city and 30,000 men.
July 1863-Gettysburg.
On July 1, a chance encounter between Union and Confederate forces began the Battle of Gettysburg. The
Union won the battle, ending Confederate hopes of formal recognition by foreign governments. On
November 19, President Lincoln dedicated a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a national cemetery,
and delivered his memorable "Gettysburg Address."
1864
May 1864-Grant's Wilderness Campaign.
General Grant led the Union in an inconclusive three-day battle in the Virginia wilderness. Lee inflicted
more casualties on the Union forces than his own army incurred, but unlike Grant, he had no
replacements.
June 1864-The Battle of Cold Harbor.
Grant again attacked Confederate forces at Cold Harbor, losing over 7,000 men in twenty minutes.
Although Lee suffered fewer casualties, his army never recovered from Grant's continual attacks.
June 1864-The Siege of Petersburg.
Grant hoped to take Petersburg, below Richmond, and then approach the Confederate capital from the
South. The attempt failed, resulting in a ten-month siege and the loss of thousands of lives on both sides.
July 1864-Confederates march toward Washington. D.C.
Confederate General Jubal Early led his forces into Maryland to relieve the pressure on Lee's army. Early
got within five miles of Washington, D.C., but on July 13, he was driven back to Virginia.
August 1 864-Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.
Without much to stop him, Sherman marched toward Atlanta and General Hood surrendered the city on
September 1; Sherman occupied the city the next day.
November 1864-Sherman's March to the Sea.
General Sherman continued his march through Georgia to the sea. In the course of the march, he cut
himself off from his source of supplies, planning for his troops to live off the land. His men cut a path 300
miles in length and 60 miles wide as they passed through Georgia, destroying everything.
November 1864-Lincoln is re-elected.
President Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson ran on the Republican Party ticket, defeating the
Democratics' General George B. McClellan for President, and George Pendleton for Vice President.
1865
January 1865-Battle of Fort Fisher.
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Wilmington, NC was the last seaport through which the Confederates could supply the war effort. The
U.S. Navy and federal troops coordinated actions to take Wilmington, capturing 2,000 Confederate
prisoners and leaving Lee without supplies for his army.
April 1865-Surrender at Appomattox.
On April 9, after four years of war, Lee had failed to escape with what little was left of his army, and
federal troops surrounded him. Sheridan's cavalry and infantry blocked Lee's retreat on one side and
Grant and Meade advanced from the rear. Grant sent a note advising Lee to surrender and Lee agreed. At
the Appomattox Courthouse, Lee accepted Grant's generous terms for a general pardon and sent his
troops home. Sherman and the Confederate General Johnston signed a similar agreement on April 18.
Worst Civil War Battles
Battle dates
Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863
Battles of the Seven Days, June 25-July 2, 1862
Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863
Chancellorsville/Fredericksburg, May 1-4, 1863
Wilderness, May 5-7, 1862
Manassas/Chantilly, Aug. 27-Sept. 2, 1862
Stone's River, Dec.31, 1862-Jan. 1, 1863
Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862
Antietam, Sept.17, 1862
Fredericksburg, Dec.13, 1862
Casualties*
51,116
36,463
34,624
29,609
25,416**
25,340
24,645
23,741
22,726
17,962
*Killed, missing, and wounded.
**Confederate totals estimated.
Secession and Readmission of States
State
Date of Secession
Date of Readmission
1. South Carolina
2. Mississippi
3. Florida
4. Alabama
5. Georgia
6. Louisiana
7. Texas
8. Virginia
9. Arkansas
10. North Carolina
11. Tennessee
December 20, 1860
January 9, 1861
January 10, 1861
January 11, 1861
January 19, 1861
January 26, 1861
February 1, 1861
April 17, 1861
May 6, 1861
May 20, 1861
June 8, 1861
June 25, 1868
February 23, 1870
June 25, 1868
June 25, 1868
June25, 1868*
June 25, 1868
March 30, 1870
January 26, 1870
June22, 1868
June25, 1868
July 24, 1866
*Readmitted a second time July 15, 1870.
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