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Patterns of Inheritance - Chapter 9

Genetics - the science of ___________________.
A distinct _______________ makeup ________________ in a distinct set of
________________ and _________________ characteristics.

History of Genetics:
Biologists in the 19th century observed inheritance patterns in _____________ and
concluded that offspring inherit traits from___________ _________________.
The favored explanation for inheritance then became the “________________”
hypothesis.
This is the idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female
_______________________________________________________________
Gregor Mendel – Father of Modern Genetics (From here on is what we
know genetic to be today)
Modern genetics began in the 1860’s when a _______ named Gregor Mendel
experimented with...
With a history in____________________, his research implemented a great deal of
statistics.
He stressed that the heritable factors (genes) _____________________ their individuality
generation after generation. (_________________________)
He studied pea plants because they had____________ ___________________
_____________, they produced______________ ________________ of
_________________, and they came
in______________ ________________.
___________________: flower color, height, seed
shape, pod color, etc.
Traits
(___________________________________________
_____) purple/white flower, tall/short height,
round/wrinkled seed, green/yellow pod color.
He could strictly ________________
_______________of pea plants.
Pea plants usually
_________________________,
sperm carrying pollen from a plant lands on
an egg of the same plant.
He could also cross-fertilize ____________________
____________________________________
_________
He worked with plants until he was sure he has a true-breed...
Example – parent plant had purple flowers, and if self fertilized it would only produce
purple flowered plants generation after generation.
Once he had a true-breed, he then investigated what would happen if he crossed truebreeding varieties with each other.
Example – what offspring would result from cross-fertilization of true-breeds?
purple flowers x white flowers
This offspring of two different true-breeds is called a__________________.
(the fertilization is called______________________, or ________________.)
P generation –
F1 generation (F stands for _____________, Latin for “_______”)
F2
generation –
Mendel ___________________ and ___________________ the inheritance of
________________, & the results lead him to formulate several ideas about inheritance.
He crossed a ______________________________ flower with a
_________________________________ flower.
He observed that the _________ generation were all __________________ flowers.
______________________________ the ______ generation he found that the _______
generation had a ratio of______________.
* One __________ for every three_____________.
He concluded that the ___________________________________________________,
and that they ________________________________________________ for the flower
color character.
He called these alleles –
Let’s look at his monohybrid-cross (parent plants differ in only 1 character):
Homologous Chromosomes - _______________ reside at the same _______________
on homologous chromosomes
Dominant allele –
PP or Pp
Recessive allele –
pp
A homozygous genotype has PP or pp
A heterozygous genotype has  Law of segregation
A sperm or egg carries only ____________________
for each inherited character.
 because
_________________________________ from each other during the
production of ____________________________

Genotype -

Phenotype –

Carriers – organisms that are __________________________, they carry the
__________________________ for a trait but _______________________ only the
________________________________ is expressed.
Types of hybrid crosses
______________________ – the parents differ in only _____________________.
 Example: Green or Yellow seeds.
______________________ – parents differ in ____________________________.
(Round or Wrinkled) and (Green or Yellow) seeds

Law of Independent Assortment
Each pair of alleles ______________________________________ of other pairs of
alleles during _______________________________.

Punnett Squares
Punnett squares are used to show the _______________________ of what
genotypes the offspring could have.

Test Cross
Used to determine the _____________________________ of a unknown character.
Used to verify if organism is in fact a true-breed.
 Mate organism with unknown genotype, with an organism that has a __________
_____________________________ genotype.
 The appearance of the offspring reveals the ______________________________.
Picture of Test Cross