Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Biology I (H) NAME:_____________________________ _______ Study Guide: CH 10 NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS E. S. Gustafson PERIOD: ____ SECTION 10-1: DNA Four features of DNA structure: 1) 2) 3) 4) Two functions of DNA: 1) 2) Three features of DNA nucleotide structure: Label these features on the diagram provided. 1) 2) 3) What does the arrow in the diagram indicate? _______________________________ Four nitrogenous bases found in DNA & their abbreviations: Purines: Pyrimidines: 1) 3) 2) 4) Basic structure _________________________ Basic structure _________________________ State the base-pairing rules that explain how the nitrogenous bases form complimentary base pairs. Using the abbreviations, show the base-pairing. Describe the bonds that hold the bases pairs together in the double helix. Describe the bonds that hold together the sugar & phosphate backbones. 1 Instructions for labeling & coloring: Label the general parts of a nucleotide as previously instructed & label the arrow. Label the 4 different nitrogenous bases based on the information in your notes. Color the pentagonal deoxyribose sugars gray or with pencil. Be sure to include the single attached circle representing carbon 5. Color the backbone “strips” light blue & dark blue. Color the central circle in the phosphate groups yellow & the 4 surrounding circles red. For the first 2 base pairs ONLY: color adenine dark green & thymine light green; color guanine brown & cytosine orange. 2 The process of copying DNA in a cell is called ______________________________. The name of the region where the DNA strands separate is called a _______________________________. State the functions of the following enzymes: Helicases DNA polymerases Distinguish the functions of the “template” strand & “complimentary” strand of the DNA molecule. (Not in text) Show the correct base pairing for the template strand below: ______________________________________________________________________________________ A–A–A–T–G–C–G–A–G–C–C–C–G–T–T–A–T–T–T ______________________________________________________________________________________ Show the correct base pairing for the complimentary strand below: ______________________________________________________________________________________ T–T–T–A–C–G–C–T–C–G–G–G–C–A–A–T–A–A–A ______________________________________________________________________________________ Explain what a mutation is. 3 SECTION 10-2: RNA Four features of RNA structure: 1) 2) 3) 4) Three types of RNA and the shapes & functions of each: Note the abbreviations for each type. 1) 2) 3) Three features of RNA nucleotide structure: 1) 2) 3) Four nitrogenous bases found in RNA & their abbreviations: Purines: Pyrimidines: 1) 3) 2) 4) Basic structure _________________________ Basic structure _________________________ The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA is called _____________________ The function of RNA polymerase: 4 Three steps of transcription: (Not in text) 1) Initiation – What is the significance of promoter segments of a gene? – 2) Elongation – 3) Termination – What is the significance of terminator segments of a gene? – The products of transcription: 1) 2) 3) Instructions for labeling & coloring: Label DNA & RNA molecules. Label the RNA polymerase molecule. Color the DNA molecule backbone light blue. Color the mRNA molecule backbone red or pink. Color the RNA polymerase light green. Which step in the transcription sequence is shown here? __________________________ 5 SECTION 10-3: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The monomers of proteins are called ____________________________. There are ______ different kinds of a.a. A correlation between a nucleotide sequence (DNA/RNA) & an amino acid sequence (polypeptide) is referred to as this code. The genetic information necessary for making polypeptides/proteins is encoded in a series of three mRNA nucleotides. Each combination of three mRNA nucleotides is called a ____________ Sixty 3-nucleotide sequences code for 20 a.a. (This is a so-called redundant code.) See table on next page. What does it mean to be “redundant”? Which 3-nucleotide sequence codes for “Start”? What is the name of this a.a.? How does this relate to the promoter signals on DNA? List the 3 nucleotide sequences that act as “Stop” signals. How are these related to the terminator signals on DNA? Instructions: Use your text to write in the names of the a.a. for each mRNA sequence here & in the table. See next page. _________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ 6 What is the function of tRNA? What is the name of the 3-nucleotide sequence carried by tRNA that compliments a codon on mRNA? What attaches to the other end of the tRNA molecule? tRNA Make a sketch of a tRNA molecule & include the labels of the sites mentioned above. What 2 kinds of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells? What are their roles? 7 The process of assembling polypeptides from amino acids according to nucleotide sequences encoded in mRNA is called ____________________________ Three steps of translation: (Not in text) 1) Initiation – What a.a. binds first to the start code via its tRNA? ____________________ 2) Elongation – 3) Termination – What term is used to describe the simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by several ribosomes. (Not in text) The amino acid sequence represents this level of protein structure. 8