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Biology I (H)
NAME:_____________________________ _______
Study Guide: CH 10 NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
E. S. Gustafson
PERIOD: ____
SECTION 10-1: DNA
Four features of DNA structure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Two functions of DNA:
1)
2)
Three features of DNA nucleotide structure: Label these features on the diagram provided.
1)
2)
3)
What does the arrow in the diagram indicate? _______________________________
Four nitrogenous bases found in DNA & their abbreviations:
Purines:
Pyrimidines:
1)
3)
2)
4)
Basic structure _________________________
Basic structure _________________________
State the base-pairing rules that explain how the nitrogenous bases form complimentary base pairs.
Using the abbreviations, show the base-pairing.
Describe the bonds that hold the bases pairs together in the double helix.
Describe the bonds that hold together the sugar & phosphate backbones.
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Instructions for labeling & coloring:
Label the general parts of a nucleotide as previously instructed & label the arrow. Label the 4 different
nitrogenous bases based on the information in your notes. Color the pentagonal deoxyribose sugars gray
or with pencil. Be sure to include the single attached circle representing carbon 5. Color the backbone
“strips” light blue & dark blue. Color the central circle in the phosphate groups yellow & the 4
surrounding circles red. For the first 2 base pairs ONLY: color adenine dark green & thymine light
green; color guanine brown & cytosine orange.
2
The process of copying DNA in a cell is called ______________________________.
The name of the region where the DNA strands separate is called a _______________________________.
State the functions of the following enzymes:
Helicases
DNA polymerases
Distinguish the functions of the “template” strand & “complimentary” strand of the DNA molecule.
(Not in text)
Show the correct base pairing for the template strand below:
______________________________________________________________________________________
A–A–A–T–G–C–G–A–G–C–C–C–G–T–T–A–T–T–T
______________________________________________________________________________________
Show the correct base pairing for the complimentary strand below:
______________________________________________________________________________________
T–T–T–A–C–G–C–T–C–G–G–G–C–A–A–T–A–A–A
______________________________________________________________________________________
Explain what a mutation is.
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SECTION 10-2: RNA
Four features of RNA structure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Three types of RNA and the shapes & functions of each: Note the abbreviations for each type.
1)
2)
3)
Three features of RNA nucleotide structure:
1)
2)
3)
Four nitrogenous bases found in RNA & their abbreviations:
Purines:
Pyrimidines:
1)
3)
2)
4)
Basic structure _________________________
Basic structure _________________________
The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA is called _____________________
The function of RNA polymerase:
4
Three steps of transcription: (Not in text)
1) Initiation –
What is the significance of promoter segments of a gene? –
2) Elongation –
3) Termination –
What is the significance of terminator segments of a gene? –
The products of transcription:
1)
2)
3)
Instructions for labeling & coloring:
Label DNA & RNA molecules. Label the RNA polymerase molecule. Color the DNA molecule backbone
light blue. Color the mRNA molecule backbone red or pink. Color the RNA polymerase light green.
Which step in the transcription sequence is shown here? __________________________
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SECTION 10-3: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
The monomers of proteins are called ____________________________. There are ______ different kinds
of a.a.
A correlation between a nucleotide sequence (DNA/RNA) & an amino acid sequence (polypeptide) is
referred to as this code.
The genetic information necessary for making polypeptides/proteins is encoded in a series of three mRNA
nucleotides. Each combination of three mRNA nucleotides is called a ____________
Sixty 3-nucleotide sequences code for 20 a.a. (This is a so-called redundant code.) See table on next page.
What does it mean to be “redundant”?
Which 3-nucleotide sequence codes for “Start”? What is the name of this a.a.? How does this relate to the
promoter signals on DNA?
List the 3 nucleotide sequences that act as “Stop” signals. How are these related to the terminator signals
on DNA?
Instructions: Use your text to write in the names of the a.a. for each mRNA sequence here & in the
table. See next page.
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What is the function of tRNA?
What is the name of the 3-nucleotide sequence carried by tRNA that compliments a codon on mRNA?
What attaches to the other end of the tRNA molecule?
tRNA
Make a sketch of a tRNA molecule &
include the labels of the sites mentioned above.
What 2 kinds of ribosomes are found in
eukaryotic cells?
What are their roles?
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The process of assembling polypeptides from amino acids according to nucleotide sequences encoded in
mRNA is called
____________________________
Three steps of translation: (Not in text)
1) Initiation –
What a.a. binds first to the start code via its tRNA? ____________________
2) Elongation –
3) Termination –
What term is used to describe the simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by several
ribosomes. (Not in text)
The amino acid sequence represents this level of protein structure.
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