Download Human Body Orientation

Anatomy & Physiology 34A Lecture Outline
Chapter 1 – Human Body Orientation
I. Overview
A. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
B. Levels of Structural Organization
C. Maintaining Life
D. Homeostasis & Feedback
II. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
A. _______________ (to cut up, or dissect) is the study of body structures and their
relationships.
1. _______________ is the science of form.
2. ________________ (study of nature) is the study of body functions. Anatomy
is intimately intertwined with physiology – structure reflects function.
3. Anatomical terminology - learning the word ____ inside the text back cover
quickly will help you immensely.
B. Topics of Anatomy
1. __________ Anatomy is the study of body structures that can be observed
with the naked eye. ________________ is used to study gross anatomy
2. Regional Anatomy - study of structures in a particular body ___________
(e.g.: head or neck). Often used by med. schools.
3. Systemic Anatomy - study of organs with related functions (i.e.: within a
body _____________). We will use this approach.
4. Surface Anatomy deals with _______ features that can be observed beneath
the skin or palpated (examined by touch)
5. Microscopic Anatomy is concerned with structures smaller than 0.1 mm that
can only be seen with a ____________. These include:
a. Cytology - the study of _________
b. Histology - the study of _____________
C. Topics of Physiology
1. Physiology concerns the _____________ of specific organs or organ systems.
Examples include:
a. Cardiovascular physiology examines the operation of the _________ and
blood vessels
b. Neurophysiology attempts to explain how the ____________ system works
2. Physiology is initiated on a ______________ level, and is based upon physical
and chemical interactions within and among cells
D. Complementarity of Structure and Function
1. ___________ are intimately related to anatomical _______
2. Example: the upper _____________ tubes are lined with a tissue that has tiny,
hair-like projections to sweep debris out of the lungs.
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III. Levels of Structural Organization
atoms  molecules  organelles  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems
 organism
A. Cellular Level
1. Minute particles called ________ bond together to form molecules; Four
classes of macro___________ form cells:
a. ________________ (sugars)
b. ____________ (fats)
c. _________________
d. Nucleic acids (_____ & ______)
2. Molecules group together in specific ways to form ________________,
functional structures within cells
a. Each organelle carries out specific ________ in the cell
b. The __________, mitochondrion, and ER are examples of organelles
3. A ______ is the basic structural and functional component of life
a. Humans are composed of 60-100 _____________ cells
b. ______________, growth, responsiveness, repair, and replication are
carried on at the cellular level
4. Cells are composed of organelles and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma
_____________
a. The human body contains many distinct types of cells, each
____________ to perform specific functions (e.g.: skin, bone, fat, blood,
nerve and muscle cells)
b. The structure of each cell type is related to its ________
B. Tissue level
1. ______________ are layers or groups of similar cells that perform a common
function. The body is composed of 4 major kinds of tissues:
a. _______________ - covers and lines body surfaces
b. ________________ – binds tissues together, supports and protects body
organs
c. _______________ – provides movement
d. _______________ – allows rapid internal communication via electrical
nerve impulses
2. ______________ is the microscopic study of tissues
C. Organ level
1. An _________ is an combination of 2 or more tissue types that performs a
specific function
2. Examples include the heart, _________, pancreas, bones, skin, etc.
3. Each organ has one or more _____________ tissues and several secondary
tissues
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a.
In the stomach, the inside ______________ lining is the primary tissue
because it is involved with secretion and absorption
b. Secondary tissues of the stomach are the connective, vascular, nervous,
and ______________ tissues
D. System level
1. A body system consists of various __________ that have similar or related
functions
2. The 11 major __________ of the body and their functions include:
a. _____________ - external support and protection of the body; vit. D
synthesis; has sense receptors, sweat, & oil glands
b. ________ - internal support and flexible framework for body movement;
blood cell production; stores minerals
c. ____________ - body movement; heat production
d. ____________ - control and regulation of all other systems of the body;
activates muscles & glands
e. ____________ - secretion of hormones for chemical regulation of growth,
metabolism, reproduction, etc.
f. _________________ - transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones to body
cells; removes metabolic wastes and CO2 from cells
g. _______________ - body immunity; absorption of fats; returns tissue fluid
to the blood
h. _______________ - supplies oxygen to blood; removes carbon dioxide
from blood
i. ______________ - breakdown and absorption of food materials;
undigested matter eliminated as feces
j. ____________ - eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates
water, electrolyte, & acid-base balance
k. Reproductive
1) Female - production of female sex cells (______); receptacle for
sperm from male; site for fertilization of ovum; implantation, and
development of embryo and fetus; delivery of fetus
2) Male - production of male sex cells (________); transfer of sperm to
female reproductive system
IV. Maintaining Life
A. Characteristics of ________ include the following:
1. Maintenance of _____________ between the external surroundings and the
internal environment. What structures provide this?
2. _____________ of our bodies, as well as materials such as blood, food, urine,
etc., within our bodies. What tissues are involved?
3. ________________ – the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment
and react to them. What system is most involved?
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4. _______________ – the breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules,
which are absorbed into the bloodstream. What two systems are most
involved?
5. ______________ – all chemical reactions within our cells; 2 types:
a. _____________ – building smaller molecules into larger ones
b. __________- breaking large molecules into smaller ones
6. _____________ of wastes from the body. What 3 systems are most involved?
7. ______________ at both the cellular and organismal levels
a. Organismal level - sperm unites with an ______
b. ____________ reproduction involves mitosis or meiosis
1) ___________ results in two genetically identical daughter cells, which
are used in growth and repair
2) ___________ occurs in the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs)
8. ___________ – an increase in the size of an organism, usually by increasing the
number of cells. What process allows this?
B. _____________ Needs include oxygen, water, nutrients, normal body temperature,
and atmospheric pressure
1. __________ is needed for chemical reactions that produce ATP energy from
nutrients
2. Water (______) is obtained from food and drink, and lost via breathing,
sweating, and bodily excretions. Functions:
a. The most abundant ___________ substance in the body
b. Universal ________ – dissolves water-based substances
c. Allows metabolic/biochemical ____________
d. _____________ substances within the body
3. Nutrients, acquired from ________, contain chemicals needed for
a. ___________ production (ATP molecules)
b. Organic _________ materials (e.g.: monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino
acids, nucleic acids) for cells and growth
c. Vitamins & ____________ for chemical reactions
4. Normal Body Temperature (___C) is maintained mainly by ___________
metabolism, and is essential for chemical reactions.
a. Low body temperature ________ metabolic reactions
b. High body temperature can denature _____________
5. Atmospheric ___________ is the force that air exerts on our body surface;
needed for breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
V. Homeostasis & Feedback Mechanisms
A. _______________ is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
1. ______________ is a group of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, or
dynamic equilibrium
2. Dynamic _____________ describes the way in which body conditions fluctuate
within a narrow range, then return to a set point
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B. Negative Feedback and Stability
1. ____________ feedback – the body senses a change and activates mechanisms
in the _________ direction to reverse the change
2. Common example: a ____________ is activated when the temperature drops
below the set temp., the heater turns on and brings the temp. up, the thermostat
turns off
3. Body ______________ example:
a. Body temperature _________ triggers skin blood vessels to vaso_________
(widen) and sweating, which cools the circulating blood, which cools the
body down to normal temp.
b. Body temperature _________ triggers skin blood vessels to vaso__________
and shivering, which warms the circulating blood, bringing body
temperature up
4. ____________ control mechanisms include 3 components:
a. ___________ – structure that senses a change in the body and sends info. to
the
b. ________ center – area that processes the incoming info. and formulates an
appropriate response and sends it to an
c. ____________ – structure that carries out the response and restores
homeostasis
C. Positive Feedback and Rapid Change
1. ____________ feedback– physiological change that leads to greater change in
the _______ direction
2. Example: during childbirth a __________ release from the brain stimulates
increasing _________ contractions until the baby is born
D. Homeostatic Imbalance
1. ____________ (dis-ease) occurs when bodily homeostasis is disturbed
2. ____________ feedback mechanisms can be overwhelmed by disease causing
organisms and with advanced age