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Name ____________________________________________________________
Test Date ________________
UNIT 3 – CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY
I. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (pp. 447-450)
Classification is the ____________________________________________________________________. The branch of
biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms is known as ________________________.
A. Categories of Classification
1. Kingdom – broadest category, groups of closely related ___________________
2. Phylum – groups of closely related _________________
3. Class – groups of closely related ___________________
4. Order - groups of closely related ___________________
5. Family - groups of closely related ___________________
6. Genus - groups of closely related ___________________
7. Species – ________________ and most ________________ group; organisms that share ___________
_______________________ and can ______________________
*Memory Helper *
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B. Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus developed the 2-words naming system for classification in the 1700s that is still used today. In this
system, known as _______________________________, groups are formed according to _______________________
____________________________ and then each organism is assigned a 2-part scientific name. The scientific name is
the ___________ and ______________ of the organism. The genus and species names are always
_____________________ or ___________________. _________ is capitalized, ___________ is not. The scientific
name for humans is _________________________________________________.
II. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
(pp. 471-474, 497, 498, 527-529, 551, 657-660)
A. Kingdom Archaebacteria
1. Cell Type - ________________________________
2. Cell Structure - ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Body Form - ______________________________________________________________
4. Nutrition - ________________________________________________________________
5. Other Characteristics – Considered to be the most _____________of organisms; live in very _______
conditions like _____________ temperatures, high __________concentration, etc. Another group of
Archaebacteria live in the _________________ system of animals and produce ______________ gas.
B. Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Cell Type - ________________________________
2. Cell Structure - ____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Body Form - ______________________________________________________________
4. Nutrition – Mostly __________________________; some are ______________________
5. Other Characteristics – Most ________________ bacteria. They are ubiquitous which means they are
______________________. Very important _________________. Some are ________________
(disease-producing), but ____________________________________________________.
6. Examples - _______________________________________________________________
C. Kingdom Protista
1. Cell Type - _______________________________________________________________
2. Cell Structure – May have ______________________; may have ___________________; May be
________________ and have ______________ or _________________________.
3. Body Form – Mostly ______________________; may be __________________________
4. Nutrition - ________________________________________________________________
5. Other Characteristics – Nicknamed “____________________” kingdom or “______________________________”.
Contains ________________________ that don’t “fit” into other kingdoms. Protists are sub-grouped according to
which ________________ kingdom they’re most like; for example, _______________-like, ______________-like, or
________________-like.
6. Examples - _______________________________________________________________
D. Kingdom Fungi
1. Cell Type - _______________________________________________________________
2. Cell Structure – Have ___________________ made of _____________. Fungi do not have _________________.
3. Body Form – Mostly _________________________; may be __________________. Single-celled fungi are known
as ___________________.
4. Nutrition – All ________________________! Obtain nutrients through a process called _________________,
meaning food is digested _____________________ by secretion of ___________________, then absorbed by
fungi.
5. Other Characteristics – Principle ____________________________. Also important in ________________
and _____________________. All _______________________.
6. Examples - _______________________________________________________________
E. Kingdom Plantae
1. Cell Type - _______________________________________________________________
2. Cell Structure – Have _______________________ made of ____________; ____________________ present.
3. Body Form – All ____________________________
4. Nutrition – All _______________________________
5. Other Characteristics – Most contain ____________ and ____________________________. All
_________________________ with specialized ____________________ structures.
6. Examples - _______________________________________________________________
F. Kingdom Animalia
1. Cell Type - _______________________________________________________________
2. Cell Structure – Never have _________________________________.
3. Body Form – All _____________________________
4. Nutrition – All _______________________________
5. Other Characteristics – Most ___________________ of all kingdoms. Most organisms contain ___________ and
__________________________. All members are capable of ________________ sometime during lifetime. Most
animals are _________________________ meaning they __________ a backbone. All vertebrates belong to
Phylum ____________________.
6. Examples - _______________________________________________________________
III. TAXONOMY
Taxonomy, the science of _____________________, is a work in progress.
A. The Kingdoms of Life
DNA analysis has had a major impact on the classification system, changing the long-accepted system of _____
kingdoms to _____ kingdoms. The two prokaryotic kingdoms, _______________ and ___________________ were
originally classified together as Kingdom __________________.
B. The Three Domains of Life
Recently, further studies have led taxonomists to propose a classification system which includes three “superkingdoms” called ______________________.
1. Domain Archaea – Includes the ________________________
2. Domain Bacteria – Includes all remaining prokaryotes or the ____________________
3. Domain Eukarya – Includes all eukaryotic kingdoms - _______________________________________________
A CLOSER LOOK AT KINGDOM PLANTAE
I. INTRODUCTION (pp. 551-552)
Plants are placed into groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics:
A. Plants are ___________________, _____________________ organisms with __________________________________________
B. All plant cells have ____________________________ composed of _____________________________.
C. Plants are ________________________, which means they can use energy from the ___________ to make ________________ in
______________________________. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________________ of plant cells. The equation for
photosynthesis is _________________________________________________________________________________________.
D. Plants are _______________________; therefore, special adaptations are required for __________________________________.
II. PLANT STRUCTURE & GROWTH
(pp. 579 - 597)
A. Plant Transport
Larger plants must have a way to transport __________________ , ___________________and ___________________. This is
carried out by two types of _____________. Together the vessels (cells working together) make up a ________________ in plants
known as _____________________ tissue. Plants are divided into two groups, based on whether or not they have vascular tissue.
1. Xylem transports ____________________ & _____________________ from the _________________ to the rest of the plant.


Water always moves in 1 direction – from the _______________________________________________
Water evaporates from the plant through opening on the underside of the leaves called __________________.
2. Phloem transports __________________________________ from the _____________________ to the rest of the plant.


It carries sugars in ____________ directions.
Sugar can be carried from where it is made (usually the leaves) to where it is stored (usually stems and roots).
B. Plant Growth
1. Primary Growth – Lifelong growth occurs at the tips of the _______________ and the end of the _______________ in tissue
called the _________________________________.

_______________________ meristem is located at the tips of stems and roots (group of undifferentiated cells
that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots)
2. Secondary Growth – Trees and some other plants have a second type of meristem tissue; allows them to grow in width or girth.

______________________ is the meristem tissue that allows plants to get wider.
C. Roots
Roots _____________________________________, absorb _______________ and ______________________ from the soil, and
transport these materials to the stem. Some plants also store food in their roots. Each root has root hairs, tiny extensions of
epidermal cells that increase ___________________________________ for _____________________________________.


Water is absorbed into the plant by the process of _________________________.
There are two kinds of roots: Taproots - a large, main, primary root. Example= _______________________
Fibrous - branching, secondary roots. Example = ______________________
D. Stems
Stems have two main functions:
 _______________________ leaves and flowers.
 Transporting ______________ via ________________ and _________________ via _________________.
Some plant stems have the additional job of _______________________________.
E. Leaves


The actual leaf is the __________. It is attached to the stem by a by a thin structure called a _____________.
The vascular tissue enters the leaf through the petiole and forms the _________________ of the leaf.
Leaves are the main organ for ____________________________________. They have a large surface area for maximum
__________________________________________. The structures of a leaf include:
A. Cuticle - ______________________ covering to prevent _____________________________
B. Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells; prevents ___________________________________________________________
C. Mesophyll - __________________________________ layer of leaf
1. Palisade layer – Upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site of most ________________________________
2. Spongy layer – Underside of leaf; loosely-packed cells to allow for exchange of ___________________________________
D. Vein - _______________ + __________________
E. Stomata – Opening in underside of leaf that allows ______________________ to enter; ____________________ to exit.
F. Guard Cells – Control size of ________________________. Work to preserve balance between allowing for gas exchange
without losing too much _________________________. “Plant sweat” is known as ______________________________.
LEAF ANATOMY
III. PLANT CLASSIFICATION
Plants are divided into two basic groups based on whether they contain __________________________ tissue:
A. Bryophytes (pp. 556-559)
Bryophytes, or ______________, are the only group of plants that lack vascular tissue. This limits both the __________________
and _______________________ of this group of plants. Mosses are _______________ and typically live in __________________
areas. In addition, a moist climate is required because mosses have ______________________ sperm. The sperm must swim to
the __________________ cell in order for _____________________________ to take place.
B. Tracheophytes
(pp. 560 - 562)
Tracheophytes are vascular plants which allows them to ________________________________________________ and
________________________________________________. The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence
or absence of pollen, seeds, and fruit:
 Pterophytes – No pollen, no seeds, no fruits
Pterophytes are commonly called _______________. Although ferns contain vascular tissue, they are still found
predominantly in moist climates because the sperm must ________________ to the egg cell.
C. Tracheophytes with Seeds
All other ______________________ produce seeds. Seeds provide a tremendous reproductive advantage. A seed consists of an
______________ surrounded by a tough protective coat.
 Advantages of Seeds
1. ________________________
2. Nourishment - _______________ is stored in the seed for developing __________________________
3. Dispersal - Easily spread by ______________________________________; reduces competition for
__________________
4. Dormancy - Seeds remain dormant or _____________________ until conditions are _________________
 Seed Germination - The first visible evidence that a seed is germinating is the emergence of the embryo's
________________, followed by the growth of an embryonic shoot that develops into the plant's _______________.

Types of Seed Plants
o Gymnosperms – Have pollen and seeds, no fruit.
The word, “gymnosperm” means _________________________ because the seed is not protected by a
_________________. A unique characteristic of gymnosperms is the presence of ________________. The
largest and most common phyla is ________________ which includes _________________________________.
Conifers have characteristic leaves called __________________, which are modified to ___________________
and ____________________________. In addition, gymnosperms (and angiosperms) have “flying sperm” or
_______________________, so they are no longer tied to ______________________ for reproduction.
o Angiosperms – Have pollen, seeds, and fruit
IV. ANGIOSPERMS - TRACHEOPHYTES WITH SEEDS & FRUIT (pp. 569 - 572)
Angiosperms are the most complex and adaptable of all plant groups. They are also the most successful due to two important
modifications:
A. Fruit - A fruit is a mature ______________________ that contains one or more seeds. It provides the embryo with greater
____________________ than found in gymnosperm seeds. The fruit also facilitates seed dispersal because fruits are eaten by
_________________, seeds pass through ________________________________ and are _______________________. Some
fruits are not intended to be ____________________.
B. Flower - The flower is the reproductive system of the angiosperm. It enhances ________________________, which occurs
as a first step to fertilization.
1. The male reproductive organ is the ___________________, which consists of the _____________________ and
____________________. _________________, is produced by the anther and contains the ______________________.
2. The female reproductive organ is the ________________, which consists of the sticky top called the _______________,
a neck called the ________________ and a base called the __________________. The ovary contains the female
gametes - ____________ or ______________. During ________________________, pollen is transferred from the
____________ to the _____________. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it sends out a _______________________
that grows through the style to the __________________. One the sperm reached the egg cell, fertilization takes place.
3. The _____________________ are usually colorful to attract pollinators.
4. The ___________________ are protective green ___________________ at the base of a flower. They protect the
bud before the flower blooms.
FLOWER
C. Types of Angiosperms
1. Angiosperms are further classified into two groups based on characteristics.
 Monocots include plants such as _____________________________. Monocot seeds have __________
cotyledon (seed leaf). These are seeds that cannot be split in half, like a piece of corn.
 Dicots are more abundant and include plants such as ________________________________. Dicots have
_________ cotyledons. These seeds can be split in half like peanuts and beans.
2. Angiosperms may also be classified according to the length of their life cycle.
• Annual- flowering plant that completes a life cycle within ____________ growing season.
• Biennial- flowering plant that completes its life cycle in _______________________.
• Perennial- flowering plant that ________________________________________.
V. PLANT HORMONES AND RESPONSE
A hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same
individual. Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of _____________________________,
and the plants ________________________ to environmental conditions.
A. Hormones
1. Auxins – Produced in the _________________________________; transported throughout the rest of the plant. Works by
“stretching” ________________________ to elongate shoot, stem, and/or root.
2. Cytokinins - Produced in growing roots and in developing fruits/seeds. Cytokinins stimulate ____________,
growth of lateral ______________, and dormant seeds to ____________________. Cytokinins often produce effects
opposite to those of auxin.
3. Gibberellins - Produce dramatic increase in _______________ by stimulating _____________________ and increasing
______________________.
4. Ethylene - ______________________ hormone that stimulates ________________________ of fruit.
5. Abscisic Acid - ________________ growth. Used to maintain seed _________________________ and tolerate
________________.
B. Tropism - Response of a plant to an environmental ____________________________.
1. Phototropism - Tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of _____________________. ____________________
production increases in the ____________________ part of the stem; causes the dark side of the stem to elongate →
stem to bends toward ________________.
2. Gravitropism - Response to ____________________ due to action of ________________. This assures that roots grow
down and stems grow up.
3. Thigmotropism - Response to _______________. May be used for _________________________, to capture
_______________, or allow a plant to grow on a surface for support.