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Photosynthesis The energy for life comes primarily from the Sun. Photosynthesis is the major way the energy of the Sun is converted to sugars which provide for the energy needs of living systems. Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine the inorganic molecules carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich organic compounds such as glucose sugar and release oxygen to the environment. chloroplast: organelles that carry on photosynthesis in green plant cells chlorophyll: the variety of green pigments within the chloroplasts A Representation of Photosynthesis The overall process of photosynthesis in a plant or algal cell is shown in the graphic below. Plants use water and the energy provided by sunlight to combine carbon dioxide into glucose sugar with oxygen being released as a waste product. Formula/Equations for Photosynthesis Sunlight & enzymes CO2 + H2O ------------------------ O2 + C6 H12 O6 Cell Respiration In all organisms, organic compounds such as glucose can be used to make other molecules. These molecules include proteins, DNA, starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes. Stored energy is released when chemical bonds are broken during cellular respiration and new compounds with lower energy bonds are formed. Cells usually transfer this energy temporarily in phosphate bonds of a high-energy compound called ATP. (adenosine triphosphate) Formula/Equations for Cell Respiration C6 H12 O6 + O2 ----------- CO2 + H2O +36 ATP ( useable energy) Homeostasis by Plants Maintenance of Water plants need to regulate water loss and carbon dioxide intake for photosynthesis and other life activities when plants do not keep enough water in their cells, they wilt and die stomate: a microscopic hole in a plant leaf which allows gases to enter and leave and water vapor to leave as well. Stomata is the plural of stomate. guard cells: open and close the stomate. the ability of the guard cell to close during periods of limited water availability for the plant allows the plant to maintain water homeostasis