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Rate and sound of heart Objective:to hear sound and determine the rate of heart Introduction: The heart consists of four chambers,two atrium and two ventrical.the ventricales plays the major part in circulating the blood.the characteristic heart sound is lup-dup pause-lup-dup pause rhythm.two sounds are normally heard during cardiac cycle by stethoscope,other low frequncey sounds are detected by phonocardiogram. The first heart soundcaused by sudden closure of the mitral and tricuspidvalves at the start of ventrical systole.it is heard as lub,low pitch 25-45Hzand prolong time 0.14-0.15. The second heart sound caused by closure of aortic and pulmonary valves,high pitch 50 Hz ,shorter time 0.11 second.it occurs at beginning of diastolic.it is heard as dup. The third heard sound it is caused by rapid Ventricular filling and inrush of blood, soft heard by stethoscope . The fourth sound it is caused by atrial contraction due to inrush of blood into ventricales.it occurs immediately before first heart sound at end of diastolic.it is not heard by stethoscope. In each heart beat, ventrical pumus out about 70 ml of blood.this volume is termed astroke volume the heart beat is about 70-75 times per minute,this is heart rate.in animals the heart rate depends on species, size and age .the heart rate increase in young animals than old animals.during exercise the heart rate and stroke volume increase.during sleep the heart rate diminishes by 10-20beats per minutes. Animals heart rates Horse 32-60 Cow 60-70 Sheep 70-80 Dog 70-120 Cat 110-130 Chicken 200-400 Instruments Materials and Subject Stethoscope:it is composed of Ear-pieces. Plastic tube Diaphragm and chest bell Ear pieces should be well fitting,extraneous noises must be excluded.tubes should be small in diameter and short to reduce loss of conduction by friction. Procedure -put the chest bell or diaphragm of your stethoscope on apex area. -heard the sound of heart -mention any abnormal sound or murmur you are heard Calculate heart rate