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UNIT 3 ESTABLISHING A NEW NATION 1789-1824 UNIT BASICS In the 1790s George Washington presided over the creation of a new government. Although Washington warned against the “spirit of party,” political parties were created during his presidency. Party division, territorial growth, and war in Europe shaped US History in the early 1800s. A period of strong nationalism emerged in 1815 after the end of a second war with Great Britain. ESSENTIAL INFORMATION A. What were the major achievements of Pres. Washington and the 1st Congress? George Washington and the 1st Congress established executive departments (State, Treasury, War), created a federal court system with a Supreme Court and passed a revenue tariff. In addition, the 1 st Congress adopted the First 10 Amendments to the Constitution. Known as the Bill of Rights, the 1 st 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. B. What policies did Alexander Hamilton adopt to strengthen the nation’s finances? To fund the federal debt, Hamilton, the first Secretary of the treasury, raised money through excise taxes, tariffs and the sale of western land. Hamilton also proposed that the federal government take over states’ debts. To create a strong national currency, Hamilton created a bank of the United States, a private bank in which the federal government deposited federal funds. In showing that the new government was financially responsible, Hamilton’s policies strengthened the power of the federal government. C. What criticisms were leveled at Hamilton’s financial policies? The tariff created higher prices and some states resented having to pay towards the debts of other states. Farmers in western Pa. protested the excise tax on whiskey, a protest that ended when Washington sent in federal troops (led by the President himself). The Bank of the United States also faced much opposition. Critics of the 1 st BoUS charged that it favored the wealthy; it favored northerners and was unconstitutional. D. How did the French revolution affect the United States? At first most Americans supported the French Revolution which began in 1789. However, American attitudes began to change in 1793, when France declared war on England, Spain and Holland. Pres. Washington claimed neutrality in the conflict. E. Why were political parties created? Political and economic differences between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson helped launch the first two political parties. Federalists, followers of Hamilton, supported a strong federal government, a loose interpretations of the Constitution, a bank of the United States, and revenue tariffs. Federalists also supported England in its war against France. Democratic-Republicans, followers of Jefferson, opposed the Federalists on all of these issues. F. What were the important issues during john Adams presidency? John Adams, the second president of the United States, served at a time of great division between political parties and a potential war with France. Federalists, who controlled the government, passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to silence Democratic-Republican criticisms and prevent war with France. F. What were the important issues during john Adams presidency? John Adams, the second president of the United States, served at a time of great division between political parties and a potential war with France. Federalists, who controlled the government, passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to silence Democratic-Republican criticisms and prevent war with France. G. What happened in the election of 1800? After a tie in the Electoral College, Thomas Jefferson was elected by the House of Representatives to be the third pres. Of the United States. Jefferson’s election established an important precedent with the peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans. H. Who was John Marshall? As Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835, John Marshall handed down decisions that strengthened the federal government and the power of the Supreme Court. Marshall’s decisions strongly supported private property and helped establish American free market system. I. How did the US gain Louisiana? President Jefferson, compromising his principle of following a strict interpretation of the Constitution, purchased Louisiana from France. This purchase doubled the size of the nation and gave the US full control of the Mississippi River. J. Why did the US go to war in 1812? In 1810 a new generation of political leaders known as War Hawks, were elected to Congress. These new leaders pressured President Madison to go to war with England. The causes of the War of 1812 included England’s violation of freedom of the seas, the problems that Americans had with Indians in the Northwest, and the desire to annex Canada. The war ended with treaty that restored conditions as they were before the war. K. What was the Era of Good Feelings? The Era of Good feelings was a period following the War of 1812 that was characterized by strong nationalism and only one major political party. L. What was the American System? During the Era of Good Feelings, Henry Clay introduced the American System, a proposal to make the US economically self-sufficient. His plan included a Second Bank of the United States, protective tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense. M. What were the most important issues during James Monroe’s presidency? While James Monroe was president the US obtained Florida from Spain and issued a unilateral statement, known as the Monroe Doctrine, declaring that the US would not allow European colonization or interference in Latin America. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with al. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? it will be worthy of a free enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great Nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that in the course of time and things the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it? . . . the experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. -George Washington, Farewell Address, 1797 If there be any among us who wish to dissolve this Union or change it’s republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. -Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, 1801 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: 1. George Washington inaugurated, 1789 15. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 2. Judiciary Act, 1789 16. Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-6 3. First Bank of the United States, 1791 17. Jefferson’s Embargo, 1807 4. Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793 18. War Hawks elected, 1810 5. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 19. Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 6. Jay’s Treaty, 1795 20. War of 1812, 1812-15 7. Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795 21. Hartford Convention, 1814 8. Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 22. Treaty of Ghent, 1814 9. XYZ Affair, 1797-8 23. Battle of New Orleans, 1815 10. Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 24. The American System, 1815 11. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-9 25. Era of Good Feelings, 1817-1825 12. Revolution of 1800 26. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 13. midnight judges, 1801 27. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 14. Marbury v. Madison, 1803 IMPORTANT PEOPLE: 28. George Washington 36. Edmond Genet 29. Thomas Jefferson 37. John Marshall 30. John Adams 38. Sacajawea 31. James Madison 39. Henry Clay 32. James Monroe 40. William Henry Harrison 33. John Jay 41. Tecumseh 34. Alexander Hamilton 42. Andrew Jackson ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: 43. excise tax 49. The Death of Alexander Hamilton 44. tariff 50. impressment 45. loose v. strict interpretation 51. protective tariff 46. Federalists 52. internal improvements 47. Democratic-Republicans 53. Virginia Dynasty 48. 12th Amendment Content Courtesy of Jim Smith: whyteachhistory.com