Download Period 5 Spring Exam Review Sheet

Period 5 Spring Exam Review Sheet
CLASSIFICATION
Terms:
Classification: The process of grouping things based on their similarities.
Taxonomy: The scientific study of how living things are classified.
Binomial Nomenclature: The system for naming organisms in which each organism is given a
unique, two part scientific name.
Genus: A classification grouping that consists of a number of a similar, closely related species.
Species: A group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and
produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
Prokaryote: An organism with cells that lack a nucleus and some other cell structures.
Nucleus: The control center of an eukaryotic cell that directs the cell’s activities and contains the
information that determines the cell’s for and function.
Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain a nuclei
Content: Taxonomy, Levels of taxonomy, domains, how to draw a branching tree in order to classify a
group of organisms, and binomial nomenclature.
Concepts/Skills:
Know why scientists classify.
Know the naming system of Linnaeus.
Know how to do binomial nomenclature.
Know the levels of classification.
Know about bacteria and archaea.
Know about protests, fungi, plants, and animals.
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1. What is a Eukaryote?
2. What is the order of classification?
3. What is taxonomy?
4. What is binomial nomenclature?
5. Does a prokaryote have a nuclei?
6. Who is Linnaeus?
7. What is fungi?
8. What is bacteria?
9. What is a protitist?
10. What is an example of Eukaryote?
CELLS
Terms:
Organelle:
a specialized part of a cell having some specific function;
a cell organ
Cell Wall
the definite boundary or wall that is part of the outer
structure of certain cells, as a plant cell.
Cellulose
The substance which constitutes the essential part of the
solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper,
etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain
animals, as the tunicates.
Cell Membrane
the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a
cell.
Cytoplasm
the cell substance between the cell membrane and the
nucleus, containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton,
and various particles.
Mitochondria
an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that functions in
energy production.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the
cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth
endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough
endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of
materials.
Ribosome
a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great
numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small
clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic
reticula, and functioning as the site of protein
manufacture.
Golgi Body
an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that
takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products
from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the
finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm
or secretes them to the outside of the cell.
Chloraplast
a plastid containing chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll
the green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential
to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and
occurring in a bluish-black form.
Vacuole
a membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a
watery liquid or secretion.
Lysosome
a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles
and that disintegrate the cell after its death.
Nucleus
a central part about which other parts are grouped or
gathered.
Nuclear Pore
any of numerous structures with complex openings in a
nuclear membrane which allow passage of molecules between
the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm; any of the numerous
perforations in a nuclear membrane which allow materials to
flow in and out.
Nuclear Membrane
the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell.
Chromatin
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus,
consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms
chromosomes during cell division.
Nucleolus
A small, typically round granular body composed of protein
and RNA in the nucleus of a cell. It is usually associated
with a specific chromosomal site and involved in ribosomal
RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
Tissue
an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a
definite kind of structural material with a specific
function, in a multicellular organism.
Organ
a grouping of tissues into a distinct structure, as a heart
or kidney in animals or a leaf or stamen in plants, that
performs a specialized task.
Organ System
A system of organs forming an organism
Concepts/Skills: (examples: know the order of the phases of mitosis, steps to writing a Punnett square,
how to use a dichotomous key, etc)
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1.What is the “Powerhouse” of the cell?
2.What role does the cell membrane have?
3.Where does most of the cells energy come from?
4.What is the “Mailroom” of the cell
5.What is the gel-like fluid in which many organelles are found?
6.What are the two main differences between plant and animal cells?
7.What role do chloraplasts do in the plant cell?
8.Where can you find ribosomes?
9.How does a vacuole contribute to the cell?
10.What is the difference between a smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
Terms: Osmosis, Diffusion, Passive Transport, Active Transport, Selective Permeability, Concentration
Gradient
Content: Diffusion - substances can move in and out of cells by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport.
Diffusion is the main method. This is when molecules move from a higher concentration to a
lower concentration.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Because cells cannot function properly without adequate water, many cellular processes depend
on osmosis.
There are two types of transport. One of them is active transport. Active transport is the
movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. It requires the cell to use
its own energy, while passive transport does not. Passive transport the movement of dissolved
materials through a cell membrane without using cellular energy.
If something is selectively permeable, it can choose what passes in and out of it.
Sample Questions:
1) What is the movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular
energy?
2) Define the word selectively permeable.
3) True of False? The molecules move to the area with higher concentration.
4) What is engulfing?
5) Does water pass easily in and out of cells?
MITOSIS
Terms: Cell Cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Chromosome
Replication
Somatic cells
DNA molecule
Nitrogen Bases
Content: The purpose of cell division and somatic cells.
Phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase?
Animal cell mitosis versus plant cell mitosis (microscope images)
DNA replication during interphase
Structure of a DNA molecule
Nitrogen bases and pairing (A, C, G, T)
Concepts/Skills: 6 Stages of Mitosis
1. Interphase- DNA and cell structures replicate
2. Prophase-Chromatin forms chromosomes and centrioles form (nuclear
envelope breaks down)
3. Metaphase-Chromosomes line up along the middle and spindle fibers attach to
them
4. Anaphase-Chromosomes separate and go to opposite ends
5. Telophase-Chromosomes unwind and cells start to separate
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1. What are the parts of a chromosome?
2. What is a somatic cell?
3. What is the purpose of mitosis?
4. What happens in each of the phases?
5. Name the parts of DNA.
6. How is DNA replicated?
7. How long does mitosis take?
8. What is the difference between animal and plant cells?
9. What are the DNA nitrogen bases?
10. What does DNA stand for?
MEIOSIS
Terms: Crossing over
Diploid
Haploid
Gamete
Meiosis
Punnett square
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Genotype
Content: Meiosis creates reproductive haploid cells, or gametes. These gametes are more commonly
known as sex cells. The process to make these gametes include these phases: Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase
I, Anaphase I, and Telophase/Cytokinesis. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase/Cytokinesis all occur
twice.
Concepts/Skills: In Interphase, the chromosomes double and in Prophase I, crossing over occurs and the
chromosomes become tetrads. In Metaphase I, the tetrads line up and then in Anaphase I, they divide. Then
Cytokinesis happens and the one cell divides into two. Each cell has a chromosome pair instead of just one
chromosome like Mitosis. The same process, but without Interphase, occur again and when Cytokinesis
happens, then there are four cells with one chromosome, which makes the cells haploid.
Sample questions:
1. What happens in Prophase 1?
2. What happens in Meiosis that doesn’t happen in Mitosis?
3. What is a haploid cell?
4. What is a gamete?
5. What is the purpose of crossing over?
6. What is the purpose of Meiosis?
7. How many chromosomes are in the finished products of Meiosis?
8. What is the importance of genetic diversity?
9. Which phase is not repeated twice?
10. What is the end product of Meiosis?
Diagrams shown below:
GENETICS
Terms:
Cross pollination: taking pollen from one plant and using it to fertilize another plant
Heredity: the passing of physical characteristics from parent to offspring.
Trait: each form of a characteristic
Gene: a segment of DNA on a chromosome that determines/controls a physical trait
Allele: different forms of a gene. Get one from each parent and represented by letters
Dominant/recessive: the allele that always shows up in an organism when present. (If no
dominant allele is present, recessive is present.)
Homozygous: purebred for a trait (both alleles are dominant, BB, or both recessive, bb.)
Heterozygous: hybrid for a trait. (Alleles are different, Bb)
Genetics: the study of genes.
Gregor Mendel: a priest who tended a garden. He asked why pea plants had different
characteristics.
Genotype: the genetic makeup (Pp)
Phenotype: organism’s physical appearance
Probability: how likely it is for an organism to inherit a trait
Punnett Squares: a chart that shows all possible genetic combinations of alleles
Codominance: an inheritance pattern where both phenotypes are expressed
Incomplete Dominance: an inheritance pattern where an intermediate for of the
phenotype is expressed.
Content: I. Gregor Mendel
 Priest who used cross pollination of 2 pea plants to see why characteristic get passed
down
II. Traits
 Characteristic= seed color
 Trait = yellow, green
III. Rules for Alleles
1. As long as one capital letter is present, the physical trait is a dominant form
2. The same letter must be used for the same allele. It is chosen based on the dominant form
IIV. Rules For Incomplete Dominance
1. Always choose the first letter of trait
2. Both letters are always capitalized
3. With heterozygous genotype, the letters should be in alphabetical order
* When there are 2 dominant forms, you can have 2 different alleles*
ex. B- black W-white
Concepts/Skills:
IV. Rules For Punnett Squares
 Write the characteristic to be measured (ex. Flower color)
 Write down the phenotypes and alleles that represent them (purple-P, white-p)
 Write out the cross of the 2 parents. *Always write the parent mentioned first, first* (Pp
X Pp)
 Assign alleles starting on the bottom left side and continuing across the top, in order of
your cross

Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1. What did Mendel use to discover genetics?
2. How do you use a punett square?
3. What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?
4. How do you express incomplete dominance?
5. What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?
6. How do you write the probability of a phenotype?
7. What is genetics?
8. How do you use a key for a punnett square?
9. What is heredity?
10. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?