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Chapter 10: Creating and Maintaining Geographic Databases
Chapter 10: Creating and Maintaining Geographic Databases

... is an organized collection of data on a particular theme Object classes are stored in a standard database table, a twodimensional array of rows and columns. ...
Slide 18
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... There are many variations of two-phase locking algorithm. Some avoid deadlock by not letting the cycle to complete. That is as soon as the algorithm discovers that blocking a transaction is likely to create a cycle, it rolls back the transaction. Wound-Wait and Wait-Die algorithms use timestamps to ...
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... 2. Subtract $100 from account 123  Atomicity: Certain combinations of database operations need to be done atomically; that is, either they are both done or neither is done. ...
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Overview of Transaction Management

... tries to update a row which was already updated by a concurrent transaction T1, then T2 gets blocked until T1 has either committed or aborted Nearly same as 2PL/RC, though all reads occur effectively at the same time for the statement. ...
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... database, DA and DBA are responsible for developing procedures that ensure the integrity and security of the database during the update process. • Specific responsibility for data collection, editing and verification must be assigned • Quality assurance must be practiced to protect and audit the dat ...
chapter08
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... maintenance, data dictionary management, and training ...
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... Durability requirement — once the user has been notified that the transaction has completed (i.e., the transfer of the $10000 has taken place), the updates to the database by the transaction must persist despite failures.  Isolation requirement — if between steps 3 and 6, another transaction is all ...
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Compellent Tech Tip
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Lecture 4.6.2011 - Databases Part 1
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... is in a state that is consistent with r. The robustness of r is Robust(r) = Pr(D). This probability can be estimated by the ratio between the number of all possible database states and the number of database states consistent with a rule. That is, # of database states consistent with r Robust(r) = # ...
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... concentrate on requesting and presenting data managed by the server portion • The server portion runs oracle software and handles the functions required for shared data access • The server receives and processes the SQL statements that comes from the client applications • The computer that manages t ...
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... Fujitsu AMS shall take complete ownership of your database portfolio, allowing you to focus on new projects in applications and infrastructure. An embedded continuous improvement program will continue to drive down operating expenses over time so that you will be able to undertake additional strateg ...
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... hence no waits. Instead there are rollbacks.  In order to ensure such behavior, the protocol maintains for each data item Q two timestamp values:  W-timestamp(Q) is the latest (youngest, largest) time-stamp of any transaction that executed write(Q) successfully.  R-timestamp(Q) is the latest time ...
Concurrency_Control_Techniques
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... application/database performance—A database security solution cannot slow down businesscritical database services. Solutions that force you to compromise and disable certain features so as to reduce the database performance impact or reduce your network load can be counterproductive. ...
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View/Open - Pan Africa Christian University
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... VI.KleanIT Solutions Limited has employed intends to automate order processing of computer items requested by their clients. Each of the client order can request for several items, while an item in high demand can be requested in many order: a. Draw an entity relationship diagram that would be used ...
CS2255 Data Base Management Systems Ms.S
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... Transaction Concepts - Transaction Recovery – ACID Properties – System Recovery – Media Recovery – Two Phase Commit - Save Points – SQL Facilities for recovery – Concurrency – Need for Concurrency – Locking Protocols – Two Phase Locking – Intent Locking – Deadlock- Serializability – Recovery Isolati ...
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Global serializability

In concurrency control of databases, transaction processing (transaction management), and other transactional distributed applications, Global serializability (or Modular serializability) is a property of a global schedule of transactions. A global schedule is the unified schedule of all the individual database (and other transactional object) schedules in a multidatabase environment (e.g., federated database). Complying with global serializability means that the global schedule is serializable, has the serializability property, while each component database (module) has a serializable schedule as well. In other words, a collection of serializable components provides overall system serializability, which is usually incorrect. A need in correctness across databases in multidatabase systems makes global serializability a major goal for global concurrency control (or modular concurrency control). With the proliferation of the Internet, Cloud computing, Grid computing, and small, portable, powerful computing devices (e.g., smartphones), as well as increase in systems management sophistication, the need for atomic distributed transactions and thus effective global serializability techniques, to ensure correctness in and among distributed transactional applications, seems to increase.In a federated database system or any other more loosely defined multidatabase system, which are typically distributed in a communication network, transactions span multiple (and possibly distributed) databases. Enforcing global serializability in such system, where different databases may use different types of concurrency control, is problematic. Even if every local schedule of a single database is serializable, the global schedule of a whole system is not necessarily serializable. The massive communication exchanges of conflict information needed between databases to reach conflict serializability globally would lead to unacceptable performance, primarily due to computer and communication latency. Achieving global serializability effectively over different types of concurrency control has been open for several years. Commitment ordering (or Commit ordering; CO), a serializability technique publicly introduced in 1991 by Yoav Raz from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), provides an effective general solution for global (conflict) serializability across any collection of database systems and other transactional objects, with possibly different concurrency control mechanisms. CO does not need the distribution of conflict information, but rather utilizes the already needed (unmodified) atomic commitment protocol messages without any further communication between databases. It also allows optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. CO generalizes Strong strict two phase locking (SS2PL), which in conjunction with the Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol is the de facto standard for achieving global serializability across (SS2PL based) database systems. As a result, CO compliant database systems (with any, different concurrency control types) can transparently join existing SS2PL based solutions for global serializability. The same applies also to all other multiple (transactional) object systems that use atomic transactions and need global serializability for correctness (see examples above; nowadays such need is not smaller than with database systems, the origin of atomic transactions).The most significant aspects of CO that make it a uniquely effective general solution for global serializability are the following:Seamless, low overhead integration with any concurrency control mechanism, with neither changing any transaction's operation scheduling or blocking it, nor adding any new operation.Heterogeneity: Global serializability is achieved across multiple transactional objects (e.g., database management systems) with different (any) concurrency control mechanisms, without interfering with the mechanisms' operations.Modularity: Transactional objects can be added and removed transparently.Autonomy of transactional objects: No need of conflict or equivalent information distribution (e.g., local precedence relations, locks, timestamps, or tickets; no object needs other object's information).Scalability: With ""normal"" global transactions, computer network size and number of transactional objects can increase unboundedly with no impact on performance, andAutomatic global deadlock resolution.All these aspects, except the first two, are also possessed by the popular SS2PL, which is a (constrained, blocking) special case of CO and inherits many of CO's qualities.
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