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ch15old
ch15old

... 1. For each data item Q, if transaction Ti reads the initial value of Q in schedule S, then transaction Ti must, in schedule S´, also read the initial value of Q. 2. For each data item Q, if transaction Ti executes read(Q) in schedule S, and that value was produced by transaction Tj, then transactio ...
Genesis: A Distributed Database Operating System
Genesis: A Distributed Database Operating System

... good performance in a network environment are not implemented in the underlying operating sys tern, but instead in the database software, only resources controlled by the databasecan make use of these facikties. A transaction processingsystem, for example, which makes use of a database for part of i ...
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... exciting opportunity for a Database Administrator. Reporting to the Team Lead of Database Administration, the successful candidate will work on a team that provides database administration services for six Ministries within the Natural Resource Sector. This is a challenging position in a dynamic env ...
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... Graph-Based Protocols  Graph-based protocols are an alternative to two-phase locking  Impose a partial ordering  on the set D = {d1, d2 ,..., dh} of all data ...
The KEINS database on academic inventors contains detailed
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... Locations of those database files are added to the system database file. The schema definitions for the elements are also added to the system database file. Moving forward, additional instances of that type have access to the schema. Each new persistent element that is added to the graph is given a ...
Chapter 17 of Database Design, Application Development, and
Chapter 17 of Database Design, Application Development, and

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kemme - Data Systems Group
kemme - Data Systems Group

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The ECperf Benchmark - Databases and Distributed Systems
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Database Replication techniques - Department of Computer Science
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Lecture 10, Database Usage 3
Lecture 10, Database Usage 3

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Transactions
Transactions

... database systems. • Transactions allow users to make changes to data then decide whether to save or discard the work. • Database transactions bundle multiple steps into one logical unit of work. • A transaction consists of one of the following: – DML statements which constitute one consistent change ...
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Commitment ordering

Commitment ordering (CO) is a class of interoperable serializability techniques in concurrency control of databases, transaction processing, and related applications. It allows optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. With the proliferation of multi-core processors, CO has been also increasingly utilized in concurrent programming, transactional memory, and especially in software transactional memory (STM) for achieving serializability optimistically. CO is also the name of the resulting transaction schedule (history) property, which was originally defined in 1988 with the name dynamic atomicity. In a CO compliant schedule the chronological order of commitment events of transactions is compatible with the precedence order of the respective transactions. CO is a broad special case of conflict serializability, and effective means (reliable, high-performance, distributed, and scalable) to achieve global serializability (modular serializability) across any collection of database systems that possibly use different concurrency control mechanisms (CO also makes each system serializability compliant, if not already).Each not-CO-compliant database system is augmented with a CO component (the commitment order coordinator—COCO) which orders the commitment events for CO compliance, with neither data-access nor any other transaction operation interference. As such CO provides a low overhead, general solution for global serializability (and distributed serializability), instrumental for global concurrency control (and distributed concurrency control) of multi database systems and other transactional objects, possibly highly distributed (e.g., within cloud computing, grid computing, and networks of smartphones). An atomic commitment protocol (ACP; of any type) is a fundamental part of the solution, utilized to break global cycles in the conflict (precedence, serializability) graph. CO is the most general property (a necessary condition) that guarantees global serializability, if the database systems involved do not share concurrency control information beyond atomic commitment protocol (unmodified) messages, and have no knowledge whether transactions are global or local (the database systems are autonomous). Thus CO (with its variants) is the only general technique that does not require the typically costly distribution of local concurrency control information (e.g., local precedence relations, locks, timestamps, or tickets). It generalizes the popular strong strict two-phase locking (SS2PL) property, which in conjunction with the two-phase commit protocol (2PC) is the de facto standard to achieve global serializability across (SS2PL based) database systems. As a result CO compliant database systems (with any, different concurrency control types) can transparently join such SS2PL based solutions for global serializability.In addition, locking based global deadlocks are resolved automatically in a CO based multi-database environment, an important side-benefit (including the special case of a completely SS2PL based environment; a previously unnoticed fact for SS2PL).Furthermore, strict commitment ordering (SCO; Raz 1991c), the intersection of Strictness and CO, provides better performance (shorter average transaction completion time and resulting better transaction throughput) than SS2PL whenever read-write conflicts are present (identical blocking behavior for write-read and write-write conflicts; comparable locking overhead). The advantage of SCO is especially significant during lock contention. Strictness allows both SS2PL and SCO to use the same effective database recovery mechanisms.Two major generalizing variants of CO exist, extended CO (ECO; Raz 1993a) and multi-version CO (MVCO; Raz 1993b). They as well provide global serializability without local concurrency control information distribution, can be combined with any relevant concurrency control, and allow optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. Both use additional information for relaxing CO constraints and achieving better concurrency and performance. Vote ordering (VO or Generalized CO (GCO); Raz 2009) is a container schedule set (property) and technique for CO and all its variants. Local VO is a necessary condition for guaranteeing global serializability, if the atomic commitment protocol (ACP) participants do not share concurrency control information (have the generalized autonomy property). CO and its variants inter-operate transparently, guaranteeing global serializability and automatic global deadlock resolution also together in a mixed, heterogeneous environment with different variants.
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