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Artery to Pulmonary Trunk with
Artery to Pulmonary Trunk with

... branch of the aorta; in these cases the conius artery ostium was located usually near the ostium of the RCA. In the remainder of the specimens the conus artery was the first ventricular branch of the RCA (conal branch of RCA). Regardless of the origin, the conus artery normally supplied the conus ar ...
Septic Shock
Septic Shock

... Septic Shock • Also called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) • Inflammatory mediators also increase the metabolic rate of tissues, so they need more oxygen ...
Understanding Intra-Abdominal Pressures
Understanding Intra-Abdominal Pressures

... of the intra-abdominal hypertension that can lead to abdominal compartment syndrome and the rationale for trending intra-abdominal pressures. Malbrain, et al (2006) conducted a prevalence study in 13 intensive care units and assessed 97 patients. The overall prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertensio ...
Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

... 01520-765X/03/0G0003 + 07 $35.00/0 © 2003 The European Society of Cardiology, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
New devices in heart failure: an European Heart Rhythm
New devices in heart failure: an European Heart Rhythm

... similar between groups. VO2,peak increased similarly in both groups during the first 3 months (0.40 + 3.0 vs. 0.37 + 3.3 mL/kg/min), suggesting a placebo effect. During the next 3 months, however, VO2,peak decreased in the group switched to sham (20.86 + 3.06 mL/kg/min) and increased in patients swi ...
- Science Publishing Group
- Science Publishing Group

... coronary atherosclerosis, chronic hyperglycemia, prolonged hypertension, microvascular disease, glycosylation of myocardial proteins and autonomic neuropathy.3 Most the research in this field demonstrates that diabetic cardiomyopathy causes diastolic dysfunction in people without chronic heart failu ...
Clinical application of genetic risk assessment strategies for
Clinical application of genetic risk assessment strategies for

... mendelian disorders are available and include DNA-based tests and biochemical analyses [132]. These conditions generally are associated with a substantial risk for CAD and MI at young ages. For most of these mendelian disorders, personal and family history characteristics are crucial for identifying ...
Myocardial Infarction and Stroke Risk in Young
Myocardial Infarction and Stroke Risk in Young

... and, for patients above 65 years, the level was 552 ng/dL (data not shown). Measurements of the mean total testosterone level could occur at the beginning, middle, or end of the injection cycle. As such, the range of total testosterone varied from 50 to 1600 ng/dL. However, the mean testosterone lev ...
The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing
The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing

... included in the CHA2DS2-VASc index (Table 4).33 This score ranges from 0 to 9 and considers thromboembolic risk factors of congestive heart failure (1 point), hypertension (1 point), age  75 years (2 points), diabetes (1 point), stroke (2 points), vascular disease (prior myocardial infarction [MI], ...
The management of antithrombotic agents for patients
The management of antithrombotic agents for patients

... included in the CHA2DS2-VASc index (Table 4).33 This score ranges from 0 to 9 and considers thromboembolic risk factors of congestive heart failure (1 point), hypertension (1 point), age  75 years (2 points), diabetes (1 point), stroke (2 points), vascular disease (prior myocardial infarction [MI], ...
File
File

... The O2 molecule would enter the body through one of the nostrils, pass through the pharynx, the trachea, and one of the two bronchi, and then enter a bronchiole in the lung. It would then move into an alveolus and then move across a cell membrane of the alveolus and enter the blood. Once in the bloo ...
Variations of Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure, Volume, and
Variations of Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure, Volume, and

... 5-F catheters were introduced into the femoral arteries and advanced into the^ thoracic aorta and the aortic arch just proximal to the origin of the brachiocephalic artery; the first was used for aortic pressure recording and the second, for the infusion of drugs. Indicator dilution curves, for the ...
Derived copy of Heart Anatomy
Derived copy of Heart Anatomy

... a framework of collagenous bers, plus the blood vessels that supply the myocardium and the nerve bers that help regulate the heart. It is the contraction of the myocardium that pumps blood through the heart and into the major arteries. The muscle pattern is elegant and complex, as the muscle cells ...
Intraventricular Pressure Gradients in Heart Failure
Intraventricular Pressure Gradients in Heart Failure

... The aim of the present study was to characterize intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) in an animal model of chronic heart failure. New Zealand rabbits were treated with doxorubicin (heart failure group, n=5) or saline (control group, n=5) and instrumented with pressure catheters placed in the ...
Effects of Birth-Related Events on Central Blood Flow Patterns
Effects of Birth-Related Events on Central Blood Flow Patterns

... to lung flow, excluding bronchial flow. The calculation of ventricular outputs and central shunts uses the method of Heymann et al. ( I ) and is presented in Appendix I. Upon ventilation, pulmonary vascular resistance falls and blood flow dramatically increases. This increases the volume of pulmonar ...
PhVWP BEST PRACTICE GUIDE FOR WORK SHARING
PhVWP BEST PRACTICE GUIDE FOR WORK SHARING

... young patients and diltiazem in elderly patients respectively the plasma concentration of amlodipine increased by 22% and 50 % respectively. However, the clinical relevance of this finding is uncertain. It cannot be ruled out that strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (i.e. ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonav ...
Surgical treatment on venous connection of total anomalous
Surgical treatment on venous connection of total anomalous

... also take too much time to assist extracorporeal circulation, so this treatment couldn’t ensure that the anastomosing junction is large enough to offer good protection from myocardia. The left atrium and summary vein anastomose of second sample later in the operation can be exposed by the right side ...
some aspects of left ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic
some aspects of left ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic

... eccentric hypertrophy of LV observed in 76.6% of patients and there by the beginning of the development of renal failure. Concentric hypertrophy with the most common in patients with CKD III-IV, and eccentric hypertrophy frequency increases with the progression of CKD. At a certain stage in the deve ...
Design of Arterial Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability
Design of Arterial Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability

... An infrared emitter and a photodiode pressed against a highly vascular surface of a finger or on the brachial artery allow the photodiode to generate a current based on the infrared light it receives. Moreover, the varying amount of blood in the artery as the pulse passes through it impacts the ligh ...
2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular
2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular

... the endorsement process of these documents. The CPG documents undergo extensive review by the CPG and external experts. After appropriate revisions these documents are approved by all the experts involved in the Task Force. The finalized document is approved by the CPG for publication in the European ...
Second degree AV block and severely impaired contractility in
Second degree AV block and severely impaired contractility in

... effusion and bradycardia. However, the function of the atrial pacemaker is usually normal and the degree by which the heart rate slows down is often modest. Here we report the case of a 20 year old male Caucasian with severe overt hypothyroidism. He presented with syncopation due to second degree at ...
Cardiomyopathy Caused by Longterm Treatment with Chloroquine
Cardiomyopathy Caused by Longterm Treatment with Chloroquine

... sick sinus syndrome as a result of CQ therapy was also reported32. The cardiomyopathy is predominantly of the restrictive type (with diastolic dysfunction), but mainly systolic impairment has also been reported (Table 1). The most common pathological result in cardiac imaging is myocardial hypertrop ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: physiopathology and
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: physiopathology and

... be administered: its effectiveness in reentrant arrhythmias is in excess of 98%. Adenosine is a drug with a short half-life, which causes a block at the level of the sinoatrial node and of the atrioventricular node. Given its short half-life, it must be administered in a fast bolus (intravenous or i ...
Management of Ventricular Tachycardia
Management of Ventricular Tachycardia

... Structural heart disease includes all aetiologies with underlying myocardial scar. The most common cause of structural heart disease is ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), with  nonischaemic  cardiomyopathy (NICM) constituting a large group including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC ...
Shot Through the Heart and I`m OK : Procainamide Cardioversion of
Shot Through the Heart and I`m OK : Procainamide Cardioversion of

... All patients were managed by ED physicians using the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol (see Figure 6) • Rate control was often omitted per protocol unless highly symptomatic • Pharmacological cardioversion with procainamide infusion 1g IV over 60 minutes ◦◦ Not used if patient is unstable or previous vis ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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