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File - Sheffield Peer Teaching Society
File - Sheffield Peer Teaching Society

... Frank Starling’s Law of the Heart ‘stroke volume will increase in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart when all other factors remain constant.’ ...
AAIM 2015 Charlotte A. Lee, MD, FLMI, DBIM
AAIM 2015 Charlotte A. Lee, MD, FLMI, DBIM

... ◼ Found that a 2-fold increase the ACR (albumin-creatinine ratio) causes a 30% increase in cardiovascular mortality Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, et al. Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study Group Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascula ...
Essentials of Human Anatomy 16
Essentials of Human Anatomy 16

... Measuring Blood Pressure • Arterial blood pressure measurement using sphygmomanometer. • A cuff is placed around the arm and inflated with air until it compresses the brachial artery against the humerus and occludes it. • A stethoscope is placed over the artery in the cubital fossa, the pressure in ...
blood vessels
blood vessels

... The Heart pumps blood through the body through blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) • Arteriestake blood away from the heart, veins return blood to the heart • Blood carries O2 (food) towards and CO2 (waste) away from tissues • The lungs are not part of the ...
MINI-MAZE HEART SURGERY FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION HOW
MINI-MAZE HEART SURGERY FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION HOW

... surgery eliminates afib in more than 85% of patients who undergo the procedure. Q: What are the risks of Mini-Maze? A: The Mini-Maze surgery carries the same risks as other forms of heart surgery, including bleeding at the wound site, heartbeat irregularities and stroke. Q: Which patients are candid ...
9) Circulatory System - Cal State LA
9) Circulatory System - Cal State LA

... Risk factors: ...
Circulatory Failure after Anesthesia Induction
Circulatory Failure after Anesthesia Induction

... the start of positive-pressure ventilation, right ventricular failure developed, as indicated by high end-expiratory central venous pressure, a dramatic decrease in cardiac output (from 3.9 to 1.2 l/min) and by low SpO2 (, 85%), SmvO2 (30%), and expired carbon dioxide values (, 2%). Hemodynamics and ...
ivabradine effect versus metoprolol on the main tissue doppler
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... treatment with non-dihydropyridine calcium blockers, antiarrhythmic agents of class I and III, or drugs that strongly inhibit the cytochrome P4503A4 (macrolide antibiotics, cyclosporine, antiretroviral drugs, systemic azole antifungals, nefazodone), severe hepatic or renal impairment, known anemia, ...
Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd
Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd

... ventricle; thus, systolic blood pressure will rise. Stiff arteries with low recoil cannot propel blood forward; thus, diastole pressures decrease abruptly. 19. Diastolic pressure depends mainly on peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) because it is the PVR that determines how quickly or slowly blood ...
Ch 21: Cardiovascular System - The Heart -
Ch 21: Cardiovascular System - The Heart -

... Connects to blood vessels that transport blood between the heart and other body tissues. – arteries carry blood away from the heart – veins carry blood back to the heart Arteries carry blood high in oxygen. – (except for the pulmonary arteries) ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... Recently, intensive research has focused on the repolarisation phase of the electrocardiogram. The pathophysiology of repolarisation processes is based on multiple changes of the cardiac ion channel function. This could lead to a prolongation of action potential (AP) duration or differences in AP du ...
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Diastolic Pressure Gradient€Predicts Outcome in€Patients With

... these patients with CKD did not receive warfarin treatment despite having higher stroke risk, probably due to the concomitant higher bleeding risk. Of note, fewer than one-fourth of these dialysis patients (22.9%) were receiving warfarin. In contrast to this study, another recently published study ( ...
Cardiovascular System: Test Review
Cardiovascular System: Test Review

... a. iron-containing protein in erythrocytes; has four bonding sites for oxygen that bond strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen 10. Describe the function and physical characteristics of leukocytes? a. white blood cells; crucial in the body’s defense against disease; complete cells with a nucleus and org ...
Handout - Courses
Handout - Courses

... pulmonary  circuit  and  a  systemic  circuit.  As  with  the  shark,  arteries  take  blood  away  from   the  heart  and  veins  return  it,  but  now,  each  circuit  has  its  own  set  of  arteries  and  veins.  In   this  la ...
Adjunctive treatment with eplerenone reduced
Adjunctive treatment with eplerenone reduced

... The EPHESUS trial by Pitt and colleagues clearly showed that eplerenone, an aldosterone inhibitor, reduces mortality in patients with LVSD and heart failure following an acute MI. Based largely on this trial, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved eplerenone in October 2003 for use in patien ...
Conduction system of the heart
Conduction system of the heart

... Other Reflexes that Influence Heart Rate ↑ Heart Rate ...
The Link Between Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors, Serum sIL
The Link Between Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors, Serum sIL

... In experimental animal model of myocardial infarction, it was observed that single injection of recombinant human interleukin-2 improved angiogenesis and preserved heart function via activation the natural killer cells and thereby contributed in vascular remodeling (6). In heart failure of whatever ...
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... are benazepril, enalapril, and lisinopril though captopril may also be used but it is older and its use has decreased. Ramipril is a newer ACEi and has not been studied as much in animals but it appears to have similar effects. These medications are often used in combination with other cardio -medic ...
6th Grade Aerobic Study Guide
6th Grade Aerobic Study Guide

... the total time per session. 4. Type - There are two types of exercises for muscle groups, main and assistance (minor). Basically, your main exercises involve the most muscle mass. They usually involve more than one muscle group when exercising and you can use the greatest weight resistance with thes ...
anesthesia for a patient of mitral stenosis
anesthesia for a patient of mitral stenosis

... If diuretics are used treat hypovolemia and hypokalemia if associated. For minor procedures continue the anticoagulant therapy. For major surgery discontinue. For regional anesthesia anticoagulant tests should be performed. ...
Blood
Blood

... These valves open and close as the heart goes through the cardiac cycle of rest (diastole) and contraction (systole) -“Lub-dub” sounds heard with stethoscope Right and left pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right and left lungs -Pulmonary veins return oxyg ...
BRS Physiology Cases and Problems 2nd Edition
BRS Physiology Cases and Problems 2nd Edition

... 8. Cassandra's skeletal and cardiac muscle performed increased work and used more 0 2 during exercise than at rest. To help meet the increased demand for 0 2, her skeletal and cardiac muscles extracted more 0 2 from arterial blood. As a result, the P02 of venous blood was lower than normal; the norm ...
Unit J Review #1 KEY 1. Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules
Unit J Review #1 KEY 1. Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules

... 11.  Both  temperature  and  Oxygen  concentration  levels   as  well  as  pH  are  all  factors  that  influence  the   combining  capacity  of  Hb.    It  binds  best  to  oxygen  when   the  temp  is  cool,  the  O2  level  is ...
The Heart and Circulation
The Heart and Circulation

... • CapillariesVenulesVeinsHeart • Portal System: Special vascular circulation where blood goes through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart to achieve 2nd function – (eg) Hepatic Portal System: aids digestion by picking up digestive nutrients from stomach + intestines and delivers to liv ...
Vital Signs Medical Terminology
Vital Signs Medical Terminology

... Pulse - In medicine, a person's pulse is the arterial palpation of a heartbeat.[1] It can be palpated in any place that allows for an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), on the inside of the e ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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