Download Cardiovascular System: Test Review

Cardiovascular System: Test Review - Key
Due: Tuesday, April 30th
1. What kind of tissue is blood?
a. Blood is the only fluid connective tissue in the human body.
2. Blood has two parts: the formed elements and the plasma. Define each.
a. Formed elements – living cells in the blood
b. Plasma – Non-living matrix elements
3. What determines the color of blood?
a. The amount of oxygen present in the blood. Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red and
oxygen-poor blood is dull red.
4. What is the pH range of blood?
a. 7.35 – 7.45
5. What are the dissolved substances found in blood plasma? Give examples of each.
a. salts – sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate
b. plasma proteins – albumin, fibrinogen, globulins
c. nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins
d. waste products – urea, uric acid
e. respiratory gasses – oxygen, carbon dioxide
f. hormones
6. Define the following plasma proteins:
a. albumin – plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure of the blood
b. clotting proteins – plasma protein that help to stop blood loss when a blood vessel
is injured
c. antibodies – plasma protein that helps protect the body from antigens
7. What are the three formed elements found in blood? Define each.
a. erythrocytes – red blood cells
b. leukocytes – white blood cells
c. platelets – cell fragments
8. Describe the function and physical characteristics of erythrocytes.
a. transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules, also transport small amounts of
carbon dioxide; salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate, literally sacs of
hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected
9. Define hemoglobin.
a. iron-containing protein in erythrocytes; has four bonding sites for oxygen that
bond strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
10. Describe the function and physical characteristics of leukocytes?
a. white blood cells; crucial in the body’s defense against disease; complete cells
with a nucleus and organelles, able to move in and out of blood vessels
(diapedesis) by ameboid motion, can respond to chemicals released by damaged
tissue
11. What are normal levels of leukocytes in the blood?
a. normal levels of leukocytes are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per millimeter of
blood
12. Define the following leukocyte conditions:
a. leukocytosis – leukocyte levels in the body are above 11,000; this generally
indicates an infection
b. leucopenia – leukocyte levels in the body are abnormally low; this is commonly
caused by certain drugs (chemotherapy drugs)
13. Define (include both physical and functional characteristics):
a. granulocytes – have granules in their cytoplasm that can be stained
i. neutrophils – cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules, which
are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consist of three to seven lobes
connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm; active phagocytes; number
increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
ii. eosinophils – red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8 or bilobed nucleus
stains blue-red; kill parasitic worms; increase during allergy attacks; might
phagocytize antigens-antibody complexes and inactivate some
inflammatory chemicals
iii. basophils – cytoplasm has a few large blue-purple granules; u- or sshaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue; granules contain
histamine (vasodialator chemical), which is discharged at sites of
inflammation
b. agranulocytes – lack visible cytoplasmic granules
i. lymphocytes – cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around
nucleus; spherical (or slightly indented) dark purple-blue nucleus; part of
immune system; one group (B lymphocytes) produce antibodies; other
group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and
viruses, and activating B lymphocytes
ii. monocytes – abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus
often kidney-shaped; active phagocytes that become macrophages in the
tissues; long-term “clean-up team”; increase in number during chronic
infections such as tuberculosis
c. platelets – essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple; needed
for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken areas;
help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels; derived from ruptured
multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
14. Define hematopoiesis.
a. blood cell formation; occurs in the red bone marrow; all blood cells are derived
from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast); lymphoid stem cells produce
lymphocytes and myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
15. What is unique about red blood cells? How does this affect their lifespan?
a. they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins because they lack a
nucleus; they wear out in 100 – 120 days; when they are worn out they are
eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
16. What controls erythrocyte production? Explain the negative feedback mechanism that
controls erythrocyte production.
a. erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called erythropoietin
b. kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduce oxygen levels in the
blood; homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
c.
17. What are the three stages of hemostasis? Describe what happens during each phase.
a. platelet plug formation – collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel,
platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers, anchored platelets release chemicals
to attract more platelets, platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
b. vascular spasms – anchored platelets release serotonin which causes blood vessel
muscles to spasm, spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
c. coagulation – injured tissues release thromboplastin, PF3 (a phospholipid)
interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions
trigger a clotting cascade, prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to
thrombin (an enzyme), thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin,
fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
18. Define the following terms:
a. thrombus – a clot in an unbroken blood vessel; can be deadly in areas like the
heart
b. embolus – a thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream, can
later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
c. thrombocytopenia – a platelet deficiency, even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
d. hemophilia – a hereditary bleeding disorder where normal clotting factors are
missing
19. Describe when blood loss has serious consequences on the body.
a. loss of 15-30% causes weakness
b. loss over 30% causes shock, which can be fatal
20. What is the only way to replace lost blood quickly?
a. blood transfusions which must be of the same blood group
21. What are the eight human blood groups?
a. A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O22. How do you get your blood type?
a. From your parents, it is genetically determined proteins
23. Explain blood groups bases on the presence, or lack of, A and B antigens and RH factors.
a. based on the presence or absence of two antigens: A and B; lack of these antigens
is called type O
24. If a person had erythrocytes that contained no A or B antigens and had no RH factor
antigens, what type of blood would they have?
a. O25. Explain the fetal sites of blood formation and when bone marrow takes over
hematopoiesis.
a. the fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation; bone marrow
takes over hematopoesis by the seventh month of fetal development
26. Define the cardiovascular system.
a. a closed system made up of the heart and blood vessels that functions to deliver
oxygen and nutrienst and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
27. Define the following heart coverings and layers:
a. pericardium – a double serous membrane that surrounds the heart
i. visceral pericardium – pericardial membrane layer that is next to the heart
ii. parietal pericardium – pericardial membrane layer that forms the outside
layer of the heart
b. epicardium – same as the parietal pericardium
c. myocardium – middle cardiac muscle layer of the heart
d. endocardium – inner layer of the heart made of endothelium
28. Draw and label the four chambers of the heart.
a.
29. Explain how blood travels through the body and heart. Begin with deoxygenated blood
returning to the heart and end with reoxygenated blood exiting the aorta to be taken to all
body parts.
a. see #28
30. List and describe (physical attributes and location) of the four valves located in your
heart. Add them to the diagram of the four chambers of the heart.
a. atrioventricular valves – fibrous valves between atria and ventricles
i. bicuspid valve (left)
ii. tricuspid valve (right)
b. semilunar valves – flap of tissue that form the valves between the ventricles and
their connecting artery
i. pulmonary semilunar valve (right)
ii. aortic semilunar valve (left)
31. Why is it so important that we have valves in our heart that are working properly?
a. valves allow blood to flow in only one direction and they prevent the backflow of
blood in the heart
32. How does the muscle of the heart get nourished? Where does that blood come from and
where does it go after the oxygen and nutrients are used up?
a. blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium, the heart has its
own nourishing circulatory system made up of coronary arteries and cardiac veins
b. oxygenated blood travels through the coronary arteries from the aorta and passes
to the veins to be emptied into the right atrium by the coronary sinus
33. How does the heart keep beating in a regular, continuous way without nerve impulses?
What node is responsible for this?
a. the heart has an intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) that keep the heart
muscles contracting in a regular, continuous way
b. the node responsible for this is the sinoatrial node
34. Define the following:
a. systole – contraction of heart chamber
b. diastole – relaxation of heart chamber
35. What are the factors that lead to increased heart rate?
a. sympathetic nervous system
b. hormones
c. exercise
d. decreased blood volume
36. What are the factors that lead to decreased heart rate?
a. parasympathetic nervous system
b. high blood pressure or blood volume
c. decreased venous return
37. Define the following:
a. arteries – blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
b. veins – blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
38. Explain how the heart develops from the embryonic stage to birth.
a. a simple “tube” heart develops in the embryo and pumps by the fourth week, the
heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of seven weeks, and few
structural changes occur after that point
39. Study your two diagrams!!!