Routine Urinalysis
... Measures the level of acidity or alkalinity. Lungs and kidneys function to maintain the body’s acid alkaline balance. A pH of 7.0 is neutral. 0-6 is acid and 8-14 is alkaline. Blood pH should range between 7.35 -7.45. Below 7.35 – the body is in acidosis; above 7.45 – the body is in alkalosis. ...
... Measures the level of acidity or alkalinity. Lungs and kidneys function to maintain the body’s acid alkaline balance. A pH of 7.0 is neutral. 0-6 is acid and 8-14 is alkaline. Blood pH should range between 7.35 -7.45. Below 7.35 – the body is in acidosis; above 7.45 – the body is in alkalosis. ...
Bringing together emerging and endemic zoonoses surveillance
... opportunity to detect pathogens earlier in the transmission or emergence pathway, before introduction to, and potential spread in, human populations. This is currently most feasible for known zoonoses where animal cases precede human infections (e.g. Ebola in great apes [16], West Nile virus in crow ...
... opportunity to detect pathogens earlier in the transmission or emergence pathway, before introduction to, and potential spread in, human populations. This is currently most feasible for known zoonoses where animal cases precede human infections (e.g. Ebola in great apes [16], West Nile virus in crow ...
Facts About Chickenpox and Shingles for Adults
... half of whom are 60 years of age and older. Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. When people are first infected with the varicella-zoster virus, usually as children, they get chickenpox. Years or decades later, the virus can reactivate and cause sh ...
... half of whom are 60 years of age and older. Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. When people are first infected with the varicella-zoster virus, usually as children, they get chickenpox. Years or decades later, the virus can reactivate and cause sh ...
compendium of veterinary standard precautions
... 1. Contact transmission can occur when pathogens from animals or their environments enter the human host through three routes: ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, and cutaneous/percutaneous. Direct contact transmission may occur during activities such as examining, medicating, bathing, and handlin ...
... 1. Contact transmission can occur when pathogens from animals or their environments enter the human host through three routes: ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, and cutaneous/percutaneous. Direct contact transmission may occur during activities such as examining, medicating, bathing, and handlin ...
Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol
... Bacteria are a large domain of single‐celled, prokaryote microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune ...
... Bacteria are a large domain of single‐celled, prokaryote microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune ...
Chapter 13 VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
... workers. In 2000 RVF spread for the first time beyond the African continent to Saudi Arabia and Yemen, affecting both livestock and humans.15 Crimean-Congo HF (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease transmitted not only through the bite of at least 29 species of ticks, of which Hyalomma marginatum is the most ...
... workers. In 2000 RVF spread for the first time beyond the African continent to Saudi Arabia and Yemen, affecting both livestock and humans.15 Crimean-Congo HF (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease transmitted not only through the bite of at least 29 species of ticks, of which Hyalomma marginatum is the most ...
Contraindications and Precautionary Conditions for Vaccination
... Before vaccination, the doctor, the nurse, the public health inspector or the public health midwife should make sure that the individual to be vaccinated does not have a condition (or a history of a previous condition) which could increase the risk of a severe reaction. One way to do this is to rout ...
... Before vaccination, the doctor, the nurse, the public health inspector or the public health midwife should make sure that the individual to be vaccinated does not have a condition (or a history of a previous condition) which could increase the risk of a severe reaction. One way to do this is to rout ...
1. What is Measles? Measles is a highly contagious disease that is
... Africa, children are vaccinated against measles as part of the SA-EPI (Expanded Program on Immunisation) schedule at 9 months of age and receive a booster at 18 months of age. The measles vaccine is safe and effective. After these 2 doses of vaccine the protection rate is 95%. Immunity persists for ...
... Africa, children are vaccinated against measles as part of the SA-EPI (Expanded Program on Immunisation) schedule at 9 months of age and receive a booster at 18 months of age. The measles vaccine is safe and effective. After these 2 doses of vaccine the protection rate is 95%. Immunity persists for ...
Notification System in Sri Lanka
... arresting any further cases and spreading of the disease. Then the PHI will complete the form H-411 (communicable disease report part 1) and enter the relevant data in his outward register. The data of all confirmed cases are also entered in the Infectious Diseases register (H-700) at the PHI office ...
... arresting any further cases and spreading of the disease. Then the PHI will complete the form H-411 (communicable disease report part 1) and enter the relevant data in his outward register. The data of all confirmed cases are also entered in the Infectious Diseases register (H-700) at the PHI office ...
Equine diseases - European Commission
... and may transmitted EIAV to others horses even in absence of overt clinical signs. Positive horses are diagnosed when antiEIAV antibodies are detected following an Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion (AGID) Test. This test recommended by OIE is known to be very specific but rather not sensitive. Moreover, thi ...
... and may transmitted EIAV to others horses even in absence of overt clinical signs. Positive horses are diagnosed when antiEIAV antibodies are detected following an Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion (AGID) Test. This test recommended by OIE is known to be very specific but rather not sensitive. Moreover, thi ...
PROS for Vaccines - Exploring Infectious Diseases
... disease will occur so most members of the community will be protected. 6. Vaccines save children and their parents time and money. Vaccines cost less in time and money to obtain than infectious diseases cost in time off of work to care for a sick child, potential long-term disability care, and medic ...
... disease will occur so most members of the community will be protected. 6. Vaccines save children and their parents time and money. Vaccines cost less in time and money to obtain than infectious diseases cost in time off of work to care for a sick child, potential long-term disability care, and medic ...
Mumps ICD-10 B26 3.6.1 Identification An acute viral disease
... affecting children 5–9 years. By the end of 2002, 121 countries/territories included mumps vaccine in their national immunization schedule. In countries where mumps vaccine coverage has been sustained at high .levels the incidence of the disease has dropped tremendously Methods of control 1.6.3 ...
... affecting children 5–9 years. By the end of 2002, 121 countries/territories included mumps vaccine in their national immunization schedule. In countries where mumps vaccine coverage has been sustained at high .levels the incidence of the disease has dropped tremendously Methods of control 1.6.3 ...
EXERCISE 1: INFECTION CONTROL Skills
... Aseptic means “free of pathogenic organisms.” For the phlebotomist, every blood collection must be performed using aseptic technique, which includes proper hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper waste disposal, proper cleaning of the work area, and adherence to Stand ...
... Aseptic means “free of pathogenic organisms.” For the phlebotomist, every blood collection must be performed using aseptic technique, which includes proper hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper waste disposal, proper cleaning of the work area, and adherence to Stand ...
Fever of Unknown Origin: Focused Diagnostic Approach Based on Clinical Physical Examination,
... excessive diagnostic testing to rule out every disorder causing FUOs. A nonfocused approach has the effect of incurring unnecessary expense, inconveniencing patients, and delaying or obscuring the FUO diagnostic work-up. The undesirable effect of the ‘‘shotgun approach’’ to diagnostic testing is that ...
... excessive diagnostic testing to rule out every disorder causing FUOs. A nonfocused approach has the effect of incurring unnecessary expense, inconveniencing patients, and delaying or obscuring the FUO diagnostic work-up. The undesirable effect of the ‘‘shotgun approach’’ to diagnostic testing is that ...
EXERCISE 1: INFECTION CONTROL Skills: 10 points Exercise 1
... Aseptic means “free of pathogenic organisms.” For the phlebotomist, every blood collection must be performed using aseptic technique, which includes proper hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper waste disposal, proper cleaning of the work area, and adherence to Stand ...
... Aseptic means “free of pathogenic organisms.” For the phlebotomist, every blood collection must be performed using aseptic technique, which includes proper hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper waste disposal, proper cleaning of the work area, and adherence to Stand ...
Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease
... m icro b io ta a n d in o p p o rtu n istic parasitism . In either case, these exam ples from com pletely different systems (grasslands a n d coral reefs) suggest the b ro a d p o ten tial ...
... m icro b io ta a n d in o p p o rtu n istic parasitism . In either case, these exam ples from com pletely different systems (grasslands a n d coral reefs) suggest the b ro a d p o ten tial ...
questionnaire
... o Communicable Diseases: Communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when tran ...
... o Communicable Diseases: Communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when tran ...
recurrent salmonella typhi chest wall abscesses in a diabetic lady
... countries, particularly in Indian subcontinent, south east Asia, south and central America, and Africa, with annual incidence rates estimated to be greater than 900 per 100, 000 population in India.[7] Infections caused by Salmonella species have been classically divided into four types: gastroenter ...
... countries, particularly in Indian subcontinent, south east Asia, south and central America, and Africa, with annual incidence rates estimated to be greater than 900 per 100, 000 population in India.[7] Infections caused by Salmonella species have been classically divided into four types: gastroenter ...
Epidemiology_1
... ANSWER: E 66. Your must begin to treat patients with a plague: A. Immediately after hospitalization B. Immediately after hospitalization, taking out only material for research C. After putting the final diagnosis D. After laboratory and instrumental diagnostics E. All answers are faithful ANSWER: B ...
... ANSWER: E 66. Your must begin to treat patients with a plague: A. Immediately after hospitalization B. Immediately after hospitalization, taking out only material for research C. After putting the final diagnosis D. After laboratory and instrumental diagnostics E. All answers are faithful ANSWER: B ...
PET/CT in infectious and inflammatory pathology
... patients with biopsy-proven giant-cell vasculitis (especially in the subclavian arteries), but also in the thoracic aorta, abdmoninal aorta and femoral arteries (3). In untreated patients with atypical presentations of giant–cell arteritis (such as weight loss, fever, malaise or limb claudication), ...
... patients with biopsy-proven giant-cell vasculitis (especially in the subclavian arteries), but also in the thoracic aorta, abdmoninal aorta and femoral arteries (3). In untreated patients with atypical presentations of giant–cell arteritis (such as weight loss, fever, malaise or limb claudication), ...
Histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious
... Materials and Methods: A total of 33 samples were collected from the six different poultry farms from Ludhiana and the nearby districts. Upon gross analysis of the necropsied birds, the relevant tissue samples such as bursa, kidney, junction of proventriculus and gizzard, heart, and muscles were the ...
... Materials and Methods: A total of 33 samples were collected from the six different poultry farms from Ludhiana and the nearby districts. Upon gross analysis of the necropsied birds, the relevant tissue samples such as bursa, kidney, junction of proventriculus and gizzard, heart, and muscles were the ...
Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During
... category), tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, typhoid fever, dysentery, syphilis (“syphilis and its sequelae”), and AIDS. These categories were also analyzed as a 9-cause aggregate. The first 8 were chosen because they were the most common infectious causes of death in the first half of t ...
... category), tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, typhoid fever, dysentery, syphilis (“syphilis and its sequelae”), and AIDS. These categories were also analyzed as a 9-cause aggregate. The first 8 were chosen because they were the most common infectious causes of death in the first half of t ...
infection prevention and control guidelines for audiology
... Further, hearing health care services that are provided by an audiologist are sought by a diverse population of patients differing across numerous factors such as age, socioeconomic position, pre-existing disease, history of pharmaceutical interventions, and other aspects that can influence the inte ...
... Further, hearing health care services that are provided by an audiologist are sought by a diverse population of patients differing across numerous factors such as age, socioeconomic position, pre-existing disease, history of pharmaceutical interventions, and other aspects that can influence the inte ...
Syphilis - Aman E-Portfolio
... A pregnant woman who has been infected with syphilis has a good chance of having stillbirth (birth of an infant who has died prior to delivery, it just depends on how long she’s been infected for. Also, in some cases the baby can die shortly after birth. If not treated immediately, an infected b ...
... A pregnant woman who has been infected with syphilis has a good chance of having stillbirth (birth of an infant who has died prior to delivery, it just depends on how long she’s been infected for. Also, in some cases the baby can die shortly after birth. If not treated immediately, an infected b ...
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world. Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacteria or finding its DNA in the blood.Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after this contact, and reducing rodents in areas people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline, when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers, is of unclear benefit. Vaccines for animals exist for certain type of Leptospira which may decrease the risk of spread to humans. Treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as: doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome result in death rates greater than 10% and 50%, respectively, even with treatment.It is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by leptospirosis a year. The number of deaths this causes is not clear. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world. The disease was first described by Weil in 1886 in Germany. Animals who are infected may have no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may vary by the type of animal. In some animals Leptospira live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.