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Validation and Replication
Validation and Replication

... False positive results still occur…. even after stringent QC, data pre-processing, complex analyses and alpha adjustments The best ways of ensuring an observation is in fact real and meaningful is to: ...
Identification and removal of colanic acid from plasmid DNA
Identification and removal of colanic acid from plasmid DNA

... polysaccharide at any given MW is present in a measurable quantity for detection by HPLC. In addition, the wavelength used for HPLC would need to be optimized for every different polysaccharide, and these wavelengths are not the optimized wavelength used for the detection of DNA. Optimization of HPL ...
DNA and Protein Production
DNA and Protein Production

... strand comes from taking the other two phosphates off.  The energy gained from breaking the bonds is used to build the new bond ...
BIOTECH FALL FINAL review16
BIOTECH FALL FINAL review16

... 22. Draw a simple DNA gel and explain what is occurring using the word electrophoresis. Identify who/what is involved in terms of DNA. 23. Draw an adenine nucleotide and label its parts. 24. What is the central dogma of biology? 25. What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA? 26. Explain what an RFL ...
Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms
Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms

... Neisseriaceae (beta subdivision) and Pasteurellaceae (gamma subdivision) strongly prefer to take up DNA containing their own specific DNA uptake signal sequences (DUS or USS). Thus, it was shown more than twenty years ago that N. gonorrhoeae does not take up DNA from H. influenzae and viceversa [91] ...
A DNA Polymerase ε Mutant That Specifically Causes 1
A DNA Polymerase ε Mutant That Specifically Causes 1

... 1997; Burgers 1998). We have developed a novel mutation detection system, based on interactions with exo1 mutants, to identify functions of Polε other than proofreading that influence genome stability. We have identified a unique DNA polymerase mutator with defects that are not due to a change in pr ...
BIOLOGY  SUPPORT   MATERIAL
BIOLOGY SUPPORT MATERIAL

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Principles of Nucleic Acid Separation by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Principles of Nucleic Acid Separation by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

... cyanol and Bromophenol blue are the two common dyes used as loading buffers and they run about the same speed as DNA fragments that are 5000 bp and 300 bp respectively. The other less frequently used progress markers are Cresol Red and Orange G which run at about 125 bp and 50 bp, respectively. If s ...
Modified `one amino acid-one codon` engineering of high GC
Modified `one amino acid-one codon` engineering of high GC

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... Thomas Hunt Morgan published 'The theory of the gene', the culmination of work on the physical basis for Mendelian genetics based on breeding studies and optical microscopy. Hermann Muller discovered that X-rays induce genetic mutations in fruit flies 1,500 times more quickly than under normal circu ...
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The Functional Organization of the Vestigial Locus in Drosophila
The Functional Organization of the Vestigial Locus in Drosophila

... through nicked, notched, or strap wing phenotypes to the classical, more extreme alleles (described in Lindsley and Grell 1968; Williams and Bell 1988). Bownes and Roberts (1981b) have proposed that the cell death observed in vg mutants may be the consequence of abnormal positional information in vg ...
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... visualized by staining with ethidium bromide, a fluorescent dye which intercalates between the bases of DNA and RNA. Fragments of linear DNA migrate through agarose gels with a mobility that is inversely proportional to the log10 of their molecular weight. However, circular forms of DNA migrate in a ...
Structural analysis of both products of a reciprocal translocation
Structural analysis of both products of a reciprocal translocation

... that occurs In a human cell (1-3). Such analyses are Important because they r e f l e c t the mechanisms by which these translocations occur and allow us to explore the structural and functional consequences of juxtaposing genes normally located on different chromosomes. Several reciprocal transloca ...
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... In late 2015, the first International Summit on Human Gene Editing was held in the United States in Washington, DC. The following headline from a Canadian newspaper that reported on this meeting encapsulates the situation: CRISPR gene-editing tool has scientists thrilled  — but nervous. (Source of h ...
Identification of a Novel Streptococcal Gene
Identification of a Novel Streptococcal Gene

... pharmacological approaches. In Vibrio cholerae, the ciprofloxacin-induced SOS response increased the expression of genes necessary for transfer of the integrating conjugative element SXT (3). SXT carries several antibiotic resistance genes, and the transfer of this element to other strains of V. cho ...
Educator's Resource Guide 4226  Biology 1 s 4-5
Educator's Resource Guide 4226 Biology 1 s 4-5

... 11. Using the principle of independent assortment, complete the Punnett square to show the results of an F1 cross between two individuals heterozygous for both pod color (C = green and c = yellow) and pod shape (S = smooth and s + constricted). The gametes and some of the genotypes of the F2 offspri ...
Synonymous codon bias and functional constraint on GC3
Synonymous codon bias and functional constraint on GC3

... or ‘isosemantic’ substitutions within genomes (3–5). However, early observations of universal evolutionary changes to GC content (6) and a strong association between preferred synonymous codons and their relative representation in the t-RNA pool (7,8) has also long suggested that completely neutrall ...
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Summary and Discussion English
Summary and Discussion English

... effect. On the basis of these results two conclusions can be drawn: (1) the presence of DNA damage in the heterochromatin is not strictly required to allow pairing; (2) in cells without any DNA damage pairing also occurs. In contrast to normal human cells pairing was not induced in XPF cells exposed ...
Mismatch Repair Error Implies Chargaff`s Second Parity Rule
Mismatch Repair Error Implies Chargaff`s Second Parity Rule

... m{A 6↔ T}, m{G 6↔ C}, respectively, and bi , ei denote the conditional mismatch probabilities. For example, b2 = m{A → C|A 6→ T} = m{T → G|T 6→ A} and similarly, e2 = m{G → T|G 6→ C} = m{C → A|C 6→ G}. down the left most branch, but incorrectly with 0 < a < 1 probability. Of that fraction of mismatc ...
Sec"on 8 - Small World Initiative
Sec"on 8 - Small World Initiative

... product  (process  of  transcrip$on  and  transla$on).   •  Structure  and  func$on  of  molecules  involved  in   transcrip$on.   •  Structure  and  func$on  of  molecules  involved  in   transla$on.   •  Regula$on  of  transcrip$onal  ini$a$on.   ...
Electrophoresis Revised
Electrophoresis Revised

... Subject: Biology ...
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DNA supercoil



DNA supercoiling refers to the over- or under-winding of a DNA strand, and is an expression of the strain on that strand. Supercoiling is important in a number of biological processes, such as compacting DNA. Additionally, certain enzymes such as topoisomerases are able to change DNA topology to facilitate functions such as DNA replication or transcription. Mathematical expressions are used to describe supercoiling by comparing different coiled states to relaxed B-form DNA.As a general rule, the DNA of most organisms is negatively supercoiled.
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