A Detailed Study on Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome
... feature of the polycystic ovary is that the stroma and theca cells make an excess of testosterone. The adrenal gland is another source of testosterone but the function of this gland is usually normal in women with PCOS. The gonadotropins, LH and FSH: The monthly timing of the menstrual cycle is cont ...
... feature of the polycystic ovary is that the stroma and theca cells make an excess of testosterone. The adrenal gland is another source of testosterone but the function of this gland is usually normal in women with PCOS. The gonadotropins, LH and FSH: The monthly timing of the menstrual cycle is cont ...
Developmental Genetics of the Female Reproductive Tract in
... status of the fetus. Owing to the expression of the testis-determining gene on the Y chromosome, Sry, the bipotential gonad of males becomes the testis, which secretes several hormones including testosterone, Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS; also known as anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH) and insulin ...
... status of the fetus. Owing to the expression of the testis-determining gene on the Y chromosome, Sry, the bipotential gonad of males becomes the testis, which secretes several hormones including testosterone, Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS; also known as anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH) and insulin ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COURSE - ENDOCRINE MODULE
... anterior pituitary gland to produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and, to a smaller extent, luteinizing hormone (LH). In the right proportion, FSH will recruit a cohort of ovarian follicles (eggs) to develop. At the same time, FSH/LH circulates back to the hypothalamus exerting a negative feedb ...
... anterior pituitary gland to produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and, to a smaller extent, luteinizing hormone (LH). In the right proportion, FSH will recruit a cohort of ovarian follicles (eggs) to develop. At the same time, FSH/LH circulates back to the hypothalamus exerting a negative feedb ...
Evidence for a Heterozygote Advantage in Congenital Adrenal
... comparable target tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (34, 35). Clinical studies of cortisol concentrations during human cardiac arrest or severe illness suggest that too low or too high cortisol concentrations are associated with increased mortality (36). These data, obtained from animal and clin ...
... comparable target tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (34, 35). Clinical studies of cortisol concentrations during human cardiac arrest or severe illness suggest that too low or too high cortisol concentrations are associated with increased mortality (36). These data, obtained from animal and clin ...
The epidemiology and etiology of azoospermia
... treatment (9-12). These findings suggest that high-grade varicocele could be more frequently related to azoospermia, whereas varicocele grade I is not sufficient to explain the entire disease etiology. Appropriate sexual development must be assessed. Androgen deficiency should be suspected in the pr ...
... treatment (9-12). These findings suggest that high-grade varicocele could be more frequently related to azoospermia, whereas varicocele grade I is not sufficient to explain the entire disease etiology. Appropriate sexual development must be assessed. Androgen deficiency should be suspected in the pr ...
Hormonal Therapy for Acne
... Cyproterone is used outside the United States for the treatment of refractory acne. It is a synthetic derivative of 17hydroxyprogesterone that works as an androgen receptorblocker. It has also been shown to decrease the production of adrenal androgens by inhibiting the conversion of dehydroepiandros ...
... Cyproterone is used outside the United States for the treatment of refractory acne. It is a synthetic derivative of 17hydroxyprogesterone that works as an androgen receptorblocker. It has also been shown to decrease the production of adrenal androgens by inhibiting the conversion of dehydroepiandros ...
The Male Sex Hormone : Some Factors Controlling its Production
... animals were sacrificed at intervals from the thirtieth to the five hundred and tenth day after operation. The number of animals sacrificed at each stage varied somewhat,' but in general there were three or four cryptorchid, three castrate, and three normal animals. The occasional death of experimen ...
... animals were sacrificed at intervals from the thirtieth to the five hundred and tenth day after operation. The number of animals sacrificed at each stage varied somewhat,' but in general there were three or four cryptorchid, three castrate, and three normal animals. The occasional death of experimen ...
Amenorrhea in the Adolescent
... and sister were “late bloomers” bloomers” and underwent menarche at age 15 yrs. Her history and physical exam are all within normal limits. • Diagnosis to consider include: – a) Inflammatory bowel disease b) Excessive exercise c) Constitutional delay of puberty d) All of the above ...
... and sister were “late bloomers” bloomers” and underwent menarche at age 15 yrs. Her history and physical exam are all within normal limits. • Diagnosis to consider include: – a) Inflammatory bowel disease b) Excessive exercise c) Constitutional delay of puberty d) All of the above ...
1. Plasma cortisol concentrations
... 5. The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test may be useful. The principle of this test is the same as that of the low-dose test described above, but a higher dose (2 mg) given over 48 h at 6-h intervals may suppress the relatively insensitive feedback ...
... 5. The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test may be useful. The principle of this test is the same as that of the low-dose test described above, but a higher dose (2 mg) given over 48 h at 6-h intervals may suppress the relatively insensitive feedback ...
a.central precocious puberty
... The hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis is active during fetal life and quiescent during childhood. It is the reactivation of this axis that leads to sexual maturation. The arcuate nucleus in the basal hypothalamus is respon- sible for secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hyp ...
... The hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis is active during fetal life and quiescent during childhood. It is the reactivation of this axis that leads to sexual maturation. The arcuate nucleus in the basal hypothalamus is respon- sible for secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hyp ...
The GPR54 Gene as a Regulator of Puberty
... and his dose was titrated while he was an outpatient until his pituitary–gonadal axis had normalized. After 11 months of treatment, the patient underwent a dose–response study in which four doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone spanning 1.5 logarithmic orders (7.5 to 250 ng per kilogram of body we ...
... and his dose was titrated while he was an outpatient until his pituitary–gonadal axis had normalized. After 11 months of treatment, the patient underwent a dose–response study in which four doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone spanning 1.5 logarithmic orders (7.5 to 250 ng per kilogram of body we ...
Full Penetrance of Morgagni-Stewart-Morel Syndrome in a 75
... osteoporosis, and obesity. In her personal history she reported having undergone hemithyroidectomy and, although she had a normal thyroid function at the time of her hospitalization, lacking any other documentation we can assume that an autoimmune disorder was behind her thyroid condition. It is wor ...
... osteoporosis, and obesity. In her personal history she reported having undergone hemithyroidectomy and, although she had a normal thyroid function at the time of her hospitalization, lacking any other documentation we can assume that an autoimmune disorder was behind her thyroid condition. It is wor ...
Thyroid hormone resistance and its management
... Thyroid hormone genomic actions are exerted by thyroid hormone binding mostly to nuclear receptors located in the nuclei and interaction with DNA to regulate the transcription of target genes. Most of the cases of ISTH are caused by mutations in the THRB gene located in chromosome 3, and these mutat ...
... Thyroid hormone genomic actions are exerted by thyroid hormone binding mostly to nuclear receptors located in the nuclei and interaction with DNA to regulate the transcription of target genes. Most of the cases of ISTH are caused by mutations in the THRB gene located in chromosome 3, and these mutat ...
Mutational analysis of Portuguese families with multiple endocrine
... *Age at genetic analysis; Ad, adenoma; Angiof, facial angiofibromas; B, brother of; D, daughter of; F, female; Fa, father of; fs, frameshift; GH, growth hormone; GLUC, glucagon; Hyp, hyperplasia; HPT, hyperparathyroidism; INS, insulin; M, male; Macroad, macroadenoma; Microad, microadenoma; Mo, mothe ...
... *Age at genetic analysis; Ad, adenoma; Angiof, facial angiofibromas; B, brother of; D, daughter of; F, female; Fa, father of; fs, frameshift; GH, growth hormone; GLUC, glucagon; Hyp, hyperplasia; HPT, hyperparathyroidism; INS, insulin; M, male; Macroad, macroadenoma; Microad, microadenoma; Mo, mothe ...
The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in
... menstrual cycles that are ovulatory (blue) by postmenarcheal age through young adulthood. Ovulation was determined by normalcy of urinary pregnanediol glucuronide in weekly samples collected during last 12 days of each menstrual cycle; cycles with clearly detectable but subnormal pregnanediol are de ...
... menstrual cycles that are ovulatory (blue) by postmenarcheal age through young adulthood. Ovulation was determined by normalcy of urinary pregnanediol glucuronide in weekly samples collected during last 12 days of each menstrual cycle; cycles with clearly detectable but subnormal pregnanediol are de ...
Evaluation and Treatment of Women with Hirsutism
... irsutism is a common disorder affecting up to 8 percent of women.1 It often results from conditions that are not life-threatening, such as chronic anovulation. Hirsutism is defined as the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-dependent areas of a woman’s body.2 The disorder is a sign of in ...
... irsutism is a common disorder affecting up to 8 percent of women.1 It often results from conditions that are not life-threatening, such as chronic anovulation. Hirsutism is defined as the presence of excessive terminal hair in androgen-dependent areas of a woman’s body.2 The disorder is a sign of in ...
Spectrum of transcriptional, dimerization, and dominant negative
... thyroid hormone levels together with a failure to suppress pituitary TSH secretion. In addition, affected individuals exhibit a variable degree of resistance to hormone action in peripheral tissues. Some patients are asymptomatic, with few clinical signs other than a goiter, leading to a diagnosis o ...
... thyroid hormone levels together with a failure to suppress pituitary TSH secretion. In addition, affected individuals exhibit a variable degree of resistance to hormone action in peripheral tissues. Some patients are asymptomatic, with few clinical signs other than a goiter, leading to a diagnosis o ...
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
... › Defects in enzyme metabolism lead to impaired cortisol production Impaired cortisol production causes a secondary increase in Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) Elevated ACTH increases adrenocortical activity to normalize cortisol production. Impaired synthesis of adrenal hormones results fro ...
... › Defects in enzyme metabolism lead to impaired cortisol production Impaired cortisol production causes a secondary increase in Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) Elevated ACTH increases adrenocortical activity to normalize cortisol production. Impaired synthesis of adrenal hormones results fro ...
Estrogenization of Man: Is Today`s Man Becoming the New Woman?
... Obese males, especially those with a profound layer of visceral adipose, are most likely culprits of increased estrogen caused by aromatase and commensurate declines in testosterone. This increased estrogenization is linked to the aforementioned disorders. “This relationship between low testosterone ...
... Obese males, especially those with a profound layer of visceral adipose, are most likely culprits of increased estrogen caused by aromatase and commensurate declines in testosterone. This increased estrogenization is linked to the aforementioned disorders. “This relationship between low testosterone ...
Reproductive
... degradation. Thus the bioavailability of these hormones is dependent on SHBG levels. Due to its greater affinity for DHT and testosterone than for estrone/estradiol, SHBG also greatly affects the balance of bioavailable androgens and estrogens. In the bloodstream, sex hormones circulate bound mostly ...
... degradation. Thus the bioavailability of these hormones is dependent on SHBG levels. Due to its greater affinity for DHT and testosterone than for estrone/estradiol, SHBG also greatly affects the balance of bioavailable androgens and estrogens. In the bloodstream, sex hormones circulate bound mostly ...
hirsuitism - The Association of Physicians of India
... making a lot of Indian physicians see red..Undoubtedly hirsutism predominates in women. Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth.Amongst the Asian Indian communities some studies of a late onset congen ...
... making a lot of Indian physicians see red..Undoubtedly hirsutism predominates in women. Although hirsutism can occur in men, it is more difficult to recognize because of the wide variability of healthy male terminal hair growth.Amongst the Asian Indian communities some studies of a late onset congen ...
Canadian Product Monograph
... testes may prove beneficial. Therapy has produced acceleration of longitudinal bone growth as well as sexual and somatic maturation in some cases. 4. Hypogonadotropic Eunuchoidism Chorionic gonadotropin therapy is directed to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics through its a ...
... testes may prove beneficial. Therapy has produced acceleration of longitudinal bone growth as well as sexual and somatic maturation in some cases. 4. Hypogonadotropic Eunuchoidism Chorionic gonadotropin therapy is directed to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics through its a ...
PDF
... example of aberrant alternative splicing of a nuclear hormone receptor causing hormonal dysregulation. This novel posttranscriptional mechanism for generating abnormal receptors may occur in other hormone-resistant states or tumors in which no receptor mutation is detected in genomic DNA. (Molecular ...
... example of aberrant alternative splicing of a nuclear hormone receptor causing hormonal dysregulation. This novel posttranscriptional mechanism for generating abnormal receptors may occur in other hormone-resistant states or tumors in which no receptor mutation is detected in genomic DNA. (Molecular ...
www.repbiol.pan.olsztyn.pl
... maturing and differentiating in postnatal life, resulting in semiferous tubules containing germ cells. On the other hand, intraluminal gonocytes could be incapable of interacting with the disrupted Sertoli cells, thus preventing their migration to the basal lamina and resulting in apoptosis thus, le ...
... maturing and differentiating in postnatal life, resulting in semiferous tubules containing germ cells. On the other hand, intraluminal gonocytes could be incapable of interacting with the disrupted Sertoli cells, thus preventing their migration to the basal lamina and resulting in apoptosis thus, le ...
Genetic polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor may affect the
... been reported in association with PCOS, in a manner that is independent of BMI (Rodin et al., 1994; Vassiliadi et al., 2009). It is hypothesized that a compensatory up-regulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is responsible for the excess of adrenal androgens [dehydroepiandrosteron ...
... been reported in association with PCOS, in a manner that is independent of BMI (Rodin et al., 1994; Vassiliadi et al., 2009). It is hypothesized that a compensatory up-regulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is responsible for the excess of adrenal androgens [dehydroepiandrosteron ...
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens (androgenic hormones) that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of male physiological characteristics by binding to androgen receptors. The unresponsiveness of the cell to the presence of androgenic hormones can impair, or prevent, both the masculinization of male genitalia in the developing fetus, and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, though it does not significantly impair the development of female genital or sexual characteristics in females and males with the condition. As such, androgen insensitivity syndrome is of clinical significance only when it occurs in individuals that are genetically male (that is, persons with a Y-chromosome, or more specifically, an SRY gene).Clinical phenotypes in genetically male individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome range from a normal external male body plus mild spermatogenic defect in post-pubertal stages, to a full female external body (although internal gonads are male testes instead of female ovaries) including post-pubertal external female characteristic development, despite the presence of a Y-chromosome. Both genetically male and genetically female individuals with AIS show reduced to no secondary terminal hair development.In genetic males with AIS, the condition is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital masculinization: CAIS, or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, is indicated when the external genitalia are that of a normal female; PAIS, or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, is indicated when the external genitalia are partially, but not fully, masculinized; MAIS, or mild androgen insensitivity syndrome, is indicated when the external genitalia are that of a normal male.Androgen insensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46,XY undermasculinized genitalia in intersex persons. As with other intersex conditions, androgen insensitivity syndrome is independent of both sexual orientation and gender identity. The full spectrum of human sexual orientations has been reported among genetically female and genetically male AIS individuals alike, including: androphilia (i.e. sexual attraction to males) reported by most female-identified genetically-male female-bodied CAIS individuals; gynephilia (i.e. sexual attraction to females) reported even among some female-identified genetically-male female-bodied CAIS individuals in ""lesbian"" relationships; ambiphilia (bisexuality).Similarly, although AIS individuals may report any gender identity, a female gender identity is the gender identity of most, but not all, genetically-male female-bodied individuals with CAIS. Historically, however, the gender identity of CAIS individuals who identify as female has often been the cause of negative social bias and discrimination once their condition is made public. It is a matter of contention for some whether a CAIS individual with a female gender identity and external female body but genetic male sex should be regarded as ""transgender"". Some might regard such a person as ""transgender"" for identifying as female despite their genetic sex being male (even though they have an external female body), or they can be regarded as simply identifying as female in harmony to their external female body (despite their genetic male sex). Much social debate and litigation has resulted as a consequence of both arguments.Male gender identities among a minority of individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, have also been reported. This has resulted in CAIS individuals who are genetically male with an external female body but a male gender identity (irrespective of sexual orientation). A male gender identity among this minority, however, does not eliminate social contentions among some as to whether these individuals are ""transgender"", as they might be regarded to be identifying as male despite their external female body (even though their genetic sex is male), or they can be regarded as simply identifying as male in harmony to their genetic male sex (despite their external female body). This contention can be seen even in modern medical literature, where in one case study the genetically male CAIS patient with male gender identity was said to ""qualif[y] as female-to-male transsexual"" after undergoing genital reconstruction surgery.