Read the Nobel Lecture
... a puzzle together to find something new. This story represents a paradigm for curiosity-driven research and, like many other stories of fundamental discovery, shows that important clinical insights can come from unlikely places. In this paper I describe the process of scientific discovery – at times ...
... a puzzle together to find something new. This story represents a paradigm for curiosity-driven research and, like many other stories of fundamental discovery, shows that important clinical insights can come from unlikely places. In this paper I describe the process of scientific discovery – at times ...
Microenvironment analysis and identification of magnesium binding
... the electrostatic ®eld (44). We believe that Mg2+ binding sites can be differentiated not only by charge alone, but also by the biochemical and structural properties surrounding the binding site. We used FEATURE to study the differences between site-bound and diffusely bound Mg2+ ions in complex RNA ...
... the electrostatic ®eld (44). We believe that Mg2+ binding sites can be differentiated not only by charge alone, but also by the biochemical and structural properties surrounding the binding site. We used FEATURE to study the differences between site-bound and diffusely bound Mg2+ ions in complex RNA ...
Interaction of Sesbania Mosaic Virus Movement Protein
... and dynamic process which involves functional contribution from many proteins of viral and host origin [2]. A number of RNA viruses have been identified which require an MP and two or more additional proteins for effective cell-to-cell spread of their genetic material. For example, in the case of po ...
... and dynamic process which involves functional contribution from many proteins of viral and host origin [2]. A number of RNA viruses have been identified which require an MP and two or more additional proteins for effective cell-to-cell spread of their genetic material. For example, in the case of po ...
Nucleotide
... - Structure (or shape)—what do they look like? It is all in the looks! - Thermodynamics (or stability)—why do they look the way they do?! What are the “invisible” forces responsible for the stability of their shapes? ...
... - Structure (or shape)—what do they look like? It is all in the looks! - Thermodynamics (or stability)—why do they look the way they do?! What are the “invisible” forces responsible for the stability of their shapes? ...
Nonsensemediated decay of glutathione peroxidase 1 mRNA in the
... various GPx1 alleles, each of which is driven by the mCMV promoter. ATG(0) and TAA(201) specify the normal initiation and termination codons, and TGA, TAA or TGC(46) indicate the sequence at position 46, which is normally the Sec (TGA) codon. Bottom: RT±PCR analysis of the level of GPx1 mRNA as a fu ...
... various GPx1 alleles, each of which is driven by the mCMV promoter. ATG(0) and TAA(201) specify the normal initiation and termination codons, and TGA, TAA or TGC(46) indicate the sequence at position 46, which is normally the Sec (TGA) codon. Bottom: RT±PCR analysis of the level of GPx1 mRNA as a fu ...
D-Isonucleotide (isoNA) incorporation around cleavage site of
... first recognized by the RLC complex, which contains Dicer and the RNA-binding protein TRBP, to form an immature RISC complex.7 Then, the passenger strand is nicked between positions 9 and 10, counted from the 5′-terminal, by the Argonaute 2 (Ago2) protein in the same way as target mRNA is cleaved,8, ...
... first recognized by the RLC complex, which contains Dicer and the RNA-binding protein TRBP, to form an immature RISC complex.7 Then, the passenger strand is nicked between positions 9 and 10, counted from the 5′-terminal, by the Argonaute 2 (Ago2) protein in the same way as target mRNA is cleaved,8, ...
Against the Central Dogma
... in the control of gene expression. Xist is an lncRNA that suppresses the inactive, non‐coding X chromosome (Xi) in female cells. In all, 7 ncRNAs are found as part of the X inactivation center on the X chromosome, including Xist. Initially, Xist and its antisense transcript Tsix are expressed on bot ...
... in the control of gene expression. Xist is an lncRNA that suppresses the inactive, non‐coding X chromosome (Xi) in female cells. In all, 7 ncRNAs are found as part of the X inactivation center on the X chromosome, including Xist. Initially, Xist and its antisense transcript Tsix are expressed on bot ...
Marshall Nirenberg - Nobel Lecture
... period, the synthesis of protein stops and further protein synthesis is then dependent upon the addition of template RNA. Transfer RNA does not replace template RNA. A rapid assay was devised based on the filtration of [ 14C]protein precipitates that reduced the time required for each experiment abo ...
... period, the synthesis of protein stops and further protein synthesis is then dependent upon the addition of template RNA. Transfer RNA does not replace template RNA. A rapid assay was devised based on the filtration of [ 14C]protein precipitates that reduced the time required for each experiment abo ...
Protein Synthesis
... The structure of a eukaryotic release factor reveals a tRNA-like fold. The acceptor-stem mimic includes the sequence Gly-Gly-Gln at its tip. This region appears to bind a water molecule, which may be brought into the peptidyl transferase center. There it can participate in the cleavage of the peptid ...
... The structure of a eukaryotic release factor reveals a tRNA-like fold. The acceptor-stem mimic includes the sequence Gly-Gly-Gln at its tip. This region appears to bind a water molecule, which may be brought into the peptidyl transferase center. There it can participate in the cleavage of the peptid ...
in Power-Point Format
... • Crystal structure of T. aquaticus RNAP holoenzyme shows extensive interface between s and the b- and b’-subunits of core • Predicts s region 1.1 helps open main channel of enzyme to admit dsDNA template to form RPc • After open channel, s expelled from main channel as channel narrows around melted ...
... • Crystal structure of T. aquaticus RNAP holoenzyme shows extensive interface between s and the b- and b’-subunits of core • Predicts s region 1.1 helps open main channel of enzyme to admit dsDNA template to form RPc • After open channel, s expelled from main channel as channel narrows around melted ...
Conceptual Questions C1. Answer: The start codon begins at the
... C11. Answer: An anticodon that was 3′–UUG–5′ would recognize the two codons. To recognize 5′–AAA–3′, it would have to be modified to 3′–UUI–5′. C12. Answer: All tRNA molecules have some basic features in common. They all have a cloverleaf structure with three stem-loop structures. The second stem-l ...
... C11. Answer: An anticodon that was 3′–UUG–5′ would recognize the two codons. To recognize 5′–AAA–3′, it would have to be modified to 3′–UUI–5′. C12. Answer: All tRNA molecules have some basic features in common. They all have a cloverleaf structure with three stem-loop structures. The second stem-l ...
Reactivation of Creatine Kinase by Dithiothreitol Prior to Use
... addition of sucrose during the preparation and storage of cell extracts could to some extent prevent the loss of the biological activity of the creatine kinase (Favre and Trepo, 2001). It has been shown that the biological activity of denatured CK could be restored after treatment with dithiothreito ...
... addition of sucrose during the preparation and storage of cell extracts could to some extent prevent the loss of the biological activity of the creatine kinase (Favre and Trepo, 2001). It has been shown that the biological activity of denatured CK could be restored after treatment with dithiothreito ...
Slide 1
... Another example is enzymes of the digestive system that prefer pH’s that are low (like pepsin in the stomach that breaks proteins down) ...
... Another example is enzymes of the digestive system that prefer pH’s that are low (like pepsin in the stomach that breaks proteins down) ...
MS#5_(Cueno and Laude).indd - Philippine Journal of Science
... (Banzon and Velasco 1982; Harries 1994) further suggesting ontogenetic gene expression which coincides with the hypothesis made by Villalobos et al. (2001). This would suggest a temporal pattern of gene regulation among coconut genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. The untranslated region (UTR) is ...
... (Banzon and Velasco 1982; Harries 1994) further suggesting ontogenetic gene expression which coincides with the hypothesis made by Villalobos et al. (2001). This would suggest a temporal pattern of gene regulation among coconut genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. The untranslated region (UTR) is ...
Molecular Evolution of Functional Nucleic Acids
... by acid-base catalysis of properly oriented amino and imidazoyl groups. The catalytic activity of these modified DNA enzymes was inferior to that of protein enzymes such as ribonucleases. The activity would be greatly improved by expanding the repertoire on catalytic functionalities. 4. Chemically M ...
... by acid-base catalysis of properly oriented amino and imidazoyl groups. The catalytic activity of these modified DNA enzymes was inferior to that of protein enzymes such as ribonucleases. The activity would be greatly improved by expanding the repertoire on catalytic functionalities. 4. Chemically M ...
Study on the degradability of poly(ester amide)s derived from the... acids glycine, and l-alanine containing a variable amide/ester ratio
... Infrared absorption spectra were recorded with a Perkin± Elmer 1600 FT-IR spectrometer in the 4000±500 cm 21 range from ®lms obtained from evaporation of tri¯uoroethanol solutions. NMR spectra of poly(ester amide)s were registered from chloroform/tri¯uoroacetic acid solutions. Chemical shifts were c ...
... Infrared absorption spectra were recorded with a Perkin± Elmer 1600 FT-IR spectrometer in the 4000±500 cm 21 range from ®lms obtained from evaporation of tri¯uoroethanol solutions. NMR spectra of poly(ester amide)s were registered from chloroform/tri¯uoroacetic acid solutions. Chemical shifts were c ...
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus
... second ORF in this genome segment overlaps the N-terminal region of VP2 and encodes the small non-structural protein VP5. The smaller genomic segment, B, is 2784 nucleotides long and encodes VP1, the virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Transmission of this virus occurs via contact with i ...
... second ORF in this genome segment overlaps the N-terminal region of VP2 and encodes the small non-structural protein VP5. The smaller genomic segment, B, is 2784 nucleotides long and encodes VP1, the virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Transmission of this virus occurs via contact with i ...
HIV protease cleaves poly(A)
... The initiation of translation is a multistep process, being a major regulatory target for translational control in animal-virus-infected cells. In the early steps of translation, the 5 cap structure of the mRNA is recognized by the eIF4F (eukaryotic initiation factor 4F) complex. eIF4F also binds t ...
... The initiation of translation is a multistep process, being a major regulatory target for translational control in animal-virus-infected cells. In the early steps of translation, the 5 cap structure of the mRNA is recognized by the eIF4F (eukaryotic initiation factor 4F) complex. eIF4F also binds t ...
Novel DNA Polymerase Increases Efficiency of Multiple PCR
... displacement activity, but only SD polymerase was able to carry out the amplification with the predenaturation step. Next, Ignatov and colleagues synthesized a 135-bp artificial DNA template containing a hairpin structure with 30 complementary base pairs, and compared SD and Taq DNA polymerase effic ...
... displacement activity, but only SD polymerase was able to carry out the amplification with the predenaturation step. Next, Ignatov and colleagues synthesized a 135-bp artificial DNA template containing a hairpin structure with 30 complementary base pairs, and compared SD and Taq DNA polymerase effic ...
Document
... environment as needed (not continuously). Constitutive genes Continuously expressed. ...
... environment as needed (not continuously). Constitutive genes Continuously expressed. ...
BIOLOGY (Theory) 57/2 SECTION – A 1. Name the two gases
... 3. Name the material used as matrix in gel-electrophoresis and mention its role. Ans. Agarose gel / seaweed; sieving effect to separate DNA fragments 4. State one reason for adding blue-green algae to the agricultural soil. Ans. To increase fertility of soil /to fix N2-/enhances N2 content 5. What w ...
... 3. Name the material used as matrix in gel-electrophoresis and mention its role. Ans. Agarose gel / seaweed; sieving effect to separate DNA fragments 4. State one reason for adding blue-green algae to the agricultural soil. Ans. To increase fertility of soil /to fix N2-/enhances N2 content 5. What w ...
Purine Metabolism
... Nucleotides play key roles in many, many cellular processes 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of three major co-enzymes, NAD, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabo ...
... Nucleotides play key roles in many, many cellular processes 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA 2. Adenine nucleotides are components of three major co-enzymes, NAD, FAD, and CoA 3. Nucleotide derivatives are activated intermediates in biosynthetic processes (UDP-glucose, SAM) 4. Serve as metabo ...
The RNA world meets behavior: AfiI pre
... encode a given amino acid in the final protein. However, for nearly a decade, adenosine-to-inosine (Afi I) pre-mRNA editing, a process which enzymatically modifies Afi I at single nucleotide positions in specific messages, has lurked in the background. ‘Lurked’ because the ribosome interprets I as G ...
... encode a given amino acid in the final protein. However, for nearly a decade, adenosine-to-inosine (Afi I) pre-mRNA editing, a process which enzymatically modifies Afi I at single nucleotide positions in specific messages, has lurked in the background. ‘Lurked’ because the ribosome interprets I as G ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.