Bio 139 Exam Review Outline: Exam #3
... How can it produce a truncated (short) protein? (by introducing a stop codon) Insertion or deletion of nucleotide(s) not in a multiple of 3 causes frameshift. Why is a frameshift mutation usually more trouble than a point mutation? (changes entire subsequent protein sequence, not just one amino acid ...
... How can it produce a truncated (short) protein? (by introducing a stop codon) Insertion or deletion of nucleotide(s) not in a multiple of 3 causes frameshift. Why is a frameshift mutation usually more trouble than a point mutation? (changes entire subsequent protein sequence, not just one amino acid ...
Slide 1
... • Disulfide bonds can form between two cysteine side chains in proteins. • The 5’end of RNA is capped by the addition of 7-methylguanosine . • Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5’and 3’ carbon atoms to form nucleic acids. ...
... • Disulfide bonds can form between two cysteine side chains in proteins. • The 5’end of RNA is capped by the addition of 7-methylguanosine . • Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5’and 3’ carbon atoms to form nucleic acids. ...
RNA and Protein Synthesis
... 1. Transcription: RNA copies DNA sequence (but U for T) RNA polymerase Separates DNA and builds complementary RNA strand Occurs in nucleus, then edited and mRNA copy moves to cytoplasm Promoter Tell mRNA where gene starts ...
... 1. Transcription: RNA copies DNA sequence (but U for T) RNA polymerase Separates DNA and builds complementary RNA strand Occurs in nucleus, then edited and mRNA copy moves to cytoplasm Promoter Tell mRNA where gene starts ...
Gene Expression
... • Mutation of 1 or more nucleotides – Substitution – changing one base, usually only changes one amino acid – Insertion – addition of 1 or more bases, ...
... • Mutation of 1 or more nucleotides – Substitution – changing one base, usually only changes one amino acid – Insertion – addition of 1 or more bases, ...
Protein Synthesis
... • Clover-leaf shape • Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid • Found out in the cytoplasm • Brings amino acid to ribosome ...
... • Clover-leaf shape • Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid • Found out in the cytoplasm • Brings amino acid to ribosome ...
The DNA Connection - Conackamack Middle School
... • The young, white, ringtailed lemur was born in a forest in Madagascar. • White lemurs are extremely rare. • Why was this lemur born with such an uncommon phenotype? • To answer this question, you need to know how the genes on the chromosome control an organism’s traits. ...
... • The young, white, ringtailed lemur was born in a forest in Madagascar. • White lemurs are extremely rare. • Why was this lemur born with such an uncommon phenotype? • To answer this question, you need to know how the genes on the chromosome control an organism’s traits. ...
TUTORIAL FIGURES: Basic Molecular Biology
... Figure 3: Information transfer processes: the central dogma of molecular biology. Depicted are three information transfer processes: (1) replication when DNA duplicates, (2) transcription when DNA copied to RNA ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ), and (3) translation when the RNA message is translated to make protein. Micro ...
... Figure 3: Information transfer processes: the central dogma of molecular biology. Depicted are three information transfer processes: (1) replication when DNA duplicates, (2) transcription when DNA copied to RNA ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ), and (3) translation when the RNA message is translated to make protein. Micro ...
Gene expression and regulation
... number of subunits, including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is terminated. In ?-dep ...
... number of subunits, including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is terminated. In ?-dep ...
Chapter 8
... characteristics of a cell; use this information synthesize proteins. 2. What four functions are performed by nucleic acids? 1) store information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms; 2) direct the synthesis of proteins essential to the operation of the cell or organism; 3) chem ...
... characteristics of a cell; use this information synthesize proteins. 2. What four functions are performed by nucleic acids? 1) store information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms; 2) direct the synthesis of proteins essential to the operation of the cell or organism; 3) chem ...
Chapter 22
... The exposed 3’end base pairs with the 3’terminus of another RNA genome. Synthesis continues, generating a product in which the 5’ and 3’regions are repeated, giving each end the structure U3-R-U5. Similar strand switching events occur when reverse transcriptase uses the DNA product to generate a ...
... The exposed 3’end base pairs with the 3’terminus of another RNA genome. Synthesis continues, generating a product in which the 5’ and 3’regions are repeated, giving each end the structure U3-R-U5. Similar strand switching events occur when reverse transcriptase uses the DNA product to generate a ...
INHERITANCE
... Genes are points of activity found in each chromosome that govern the way in which traits develop. Genes are specific areas on each chromosome and are made up of DNA ...
... Genes are points of activity found in each chromosome that govern the way in which traits develop. Genes are specific areas on each chromosome and are made up of DNA ...
Lecture 0
... Gene expression begins with the process of TRANSCRIPTION More terminology: • The promoter is a region of DNA at the 5’ end of the gene that controls its expression. In eukaryotes it includes the initiation site (start site), the first base that is transcribed (bacteria=operator). • The terminator i ...
... Gene expression begins with the process of TRANSCRIPTION More terminology: • The promoter is a region of DNA at the 5’ end of the gene that controls its expression. In eukaryotes it includes the initiation site (start site), the first base that is transcribed (bacteria=operator). • The terminator i ...
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
... 1. In addition to cells, in which genetic information is always stored in the form of double-stranded DNA, numerous viruses exist, in which genetic information can be in the form of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or single- or double-stranded RNA (ssRNA or dsRNA), as well as in the form of duplex DNA ( ...
... 1. In addition to cells, in which genetic information is always stored in the form of double-stranded DNA, numerous viruses exist, in which genetic information can be in the form of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or single- or double-stranded RNA (ssRNA or dsRNA), as well as in the form of duplex DNA ( ...
What is RNA? - Biology for Life
... • The first genetic information and enzymes were RNA molecules • Why RNA? RNA can act as a catalyst to: ...
... • The first genetic information and enzymes were RNA molecules • Why RNA? RNA can act as a catalyst to: ...
Sample Questions for EXAM III
... Two mutant strains of a microorganism are auxotrophic for compound X. The compounds A, B, and C are related to compound X. One of the mutants can grow when fed compound A or C, but can't grow when fed compound B. The other mutant can grow when fed compound C, but can't grow when fed compound A or B. ...
... Two mutant strains of a microorganism are auxotrophic for compound X. The compounds A, B, and C are related to compound X. One of the mutants can grow when fed compound A or C, but can't grow when fed compound B. The other mutant can grow when fed compound C, but can't grow when fed compound A or B. ...
10 Useful RNA Facts
... 4. There are several types of RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RNA performs many functions in an organism, such as coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes. ...
... 4. There are several types of RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RNA performs many functions in an organism, such as coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes. ...
Proein Synthesis Note Fill-in
... 11. Define DNA replication. 12. What enzyme aids in DNA replication by adding new nucleotides to each new strand? 13. How are the sugars in RNA and DNA different? 14. What nitrogen base does RNA have that DNA doesn’t? 15. What base does it substitute for? ...
... 11. Define DNA replication. 12. What enzyme aids in DNA replication by adding new nucleotides to each new strand? 13. How are the sugars in RNA and DNA different? 14. What nitrogen base does RNA have that DNA doesn’t? 15. What base does it substitute for? ...
From Gene to Protein
... polymerase (I, II – used in RNA synthesis and III) • Bacteria have one kind – it makes not only mRNA but also other types of RNA • Bacteria have one chromosome and many plasmids. Information is constantly being sent to ribosomes for translation into proteins needed by the bacterial cell ...
... polymerase (I, II – used in RNA synthesis and III) • Bacteria have one kind – it makes not only mRNA but also other types of RNA • Bacteria have one chromosome and many plasmids. Information is constantly being sent to ribosomes for translation into proteins needed by the bacterial cell ...
DNA, RNA, Protein Graphic Organizer
... Sickle Cell DNA/RNA Mutation Worksheet Sickle cell anemia is a disease that is passed down through families. Normal red blood cells are shaped like a disc, while sickle blood cells are shaped in a crescent shape. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin helps carry ...
... Sickle Cell DNA/RNA Mutation Worksheet Sickle cell anemia is a disease that is passed down through families. Normal red blood cells are shaped like a disc, while sickle blood cells are shaped in a crescent shape. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin helps carry ...
THREE POSSIBILE MODELS FOR REPLICATION
... Polypeptides that will become MEMBRANE PROTEINS or be SECRETED are marked SRP (SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE) attaches to protein signal sequence and receptor on ER Growing protein chain is inserted into ER lumen ...
... Polypeptides that will become MEMBRANE PROTEINS or be SECRETED are marked SRP (SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE) attaches to protein signal sequence and receptor on ER Growing protein chain is inserted into ER lumen ...
THREE POSSIBILE MODELS FOR REPLICATION
... Polypeptides that will become MEMBRANE PROTEINS or be SECRETED are marked SRP (SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE) attaches to protein signal sequence and receptor on ER Growing protein chain is inserted into ER lumen ...
... Polypeptides that will become MEMBRANE PROTEINS or be SECRETED are marked SRP (SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE) attaches to protein signal sequence and receptor on ER Growing protein chain is inserted into ER lumen ...
Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA (npcRNA), non-messenger RNA (nmRNA) and functional RNA (fRNA). The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene.Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, and piRNAs and the long ncRNAs that include examples such as Xist and HOTAIR (see here for a more complete list of ncRNAs). The number of ncRNAs encoded within the human genome is unknown; however, recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest the existence of thousands of ncRNAs., but see Since many of the newly identified ncRNAs have not been validated for their function, it is possible that many are non-functional. It is also likely that many ncRNAs are non functional (sometimes referred to as Junk RNA), and are the product of spurious transcription.