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Producing a Recombinant Plasmid, pARA-R
Producing a Recombinant Plasmid, pARA-R

... molecules because the four restriction fragments have been recombined in different ways to produce new constructs. For example, assume that the four plasmid fragments were represented by the letter A, A’, K and R, where A and A’ represent the pARA fragments and K and R represent the two fragments re ...
Screening of SSR marker for sugar and sugar related traits
Screening of SSR marker for sugar and sugar related traits

... officinarum, S. barberi, S. sinensi, S. spontaneum, S. robustum and S. edule. The commercial sugarcane is no longer pure Saccharum officinarum but a species hybrid, complex polyploidy with a large number of chromosomes. Sugarcane cultivars are characterized by a high polyploidy level with more than ...
Two postdoctoral researchers
Two postdoctoral researchers

... > the equivalent of mammalian B1 lymphocytes?" under the > supervision of Dr. Carolina Tafalla at the Centro de > Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA) in Valdeolmos > (Madrid), Spain. > Experience in flow cytometry and molecular biology techniques > are expected but candidates from all backgr ...
The TCP domain: a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth
The TCP domain: a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth

... structure of these and related proteins, and compared some of the gene expression patterns. The cyc gene is required, together with a related gene, dichotoma (dich), to establish dorsoventral asymmetry of the Antirrhinum flower. In flowers mutant for both cyc and dich, differences between dorsal, la ...
module 1: introduction to the genome browser: what is a gene?
module 1: introduction to the genome browser: what is a gene?

... You can use the buttons in the "Navigation control" section to navigate to different parts of the genome. You can zoom in to a region by clicking on one of the buttons next to the "zoom in" label (i.e. 1.5x, 3x, 10x, base). Similarly, you can zoom out by clicking on the buttons next to the "zoom out ...
Chromosomes Identification
Chromosomes Identification

... metaphase or interphase nuclei, an approach called molecularcytogenetics. The aim is to to map genes and to detect small chromosomal rearrangements that cannot be detected by microscopy . Conventional chromosomal analysis can detect the loss or gain of chromosomal material of 4 million base pairs (4 ...
mRNA Expression Analysis
mRNA Expression Analysis

Genes can be switched on and off by the protein CTCF
Genes can be switched on and off by the protein CTCF

EPICENTRE Revolutionizes Cloning by Introducing CopyControl
EPICENTRE Revolutionizes Cloning by Introducing CopyControl

... cDNA, or PCR products at a single copy and then, whenever desired, to induce the clones to high copy number (10-50+ copies per cell) (Figure 1). Thus, the CopyControl Systems combine the clone stability afforded by single copy cloning with the advantages of high yields of DNA obtained by high copy v ...
Histone modifications and exercise adaptations
Histone modifications and exercise adaptations

... As reviewed recently (1), epigenetic modifications have been implicated in the regulation of muscle development and in the adaptive responses of mature skeletal muscle to alterations in activity. In cultured, adult skeletal muscle fibers, electrical stimulation at 10 Hz, to mimic slow-twitch fiber a ...
PPT
PPT

... Can take advantage of workflow system and HPC Can be easily used and modified by biologists Use H5N1 NA sequences to better understand evolution of H5N1 Analysis of H5N1 NA data with different algorithms indicates spatial clustering based on geographical distribution rather than temporal or host. ...
The Structure and Function of the DNA from Bacteriophage Lambda
The Structure and Function of the DNA from Bacteriophage Lambda

... lambda DNA which will be considered here. The first concerns the position of these genes in the lambda DNA molecule as isolated from mature phage. The second concerns the orientation of each gene. Gene orientation will be defined more explicitly later; for the present, consider it as synonymous with ...
Using the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a
Using the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a

... 5. Catalytic Mechanism and Polymerase Reaction Steps All known polymerases synthesize nucleic acid in the 51 to 31 direction [9]. Thus, replication in positive-stranded RNA viruses occurs via a negative-stranded intermediate. The polymerase reaction has three stages: initiation, elongation and termi ...
Genetic Mapping with CAPS Markers
Genetic Mapping with CAPS Markers

... instance, it has been estimated that the widely used Landsberg (Ler) and Columbia (Col) ecotypes differ by approximately 0.5 to 1% at the DNA level. The local differences or polymorphisms of the DNA sequence are due to point mutations, insertions or deletions that randomly occurred in one ecotype an ...
a nucleosomal perspective
a nucleosomal perspective

... Differential effects of chromatin regulators and transcription factors on gene regulation: a nucleosomal perspective ...
Gene silencing using a heat-inducible RNAi system in
Gene silencing using a heat-inducible RNAi system in

... 1998). RNAi operates at post-transcriptional level, leading to sequence specific degradation of homologous mRNA in the cytoplasm. The mechanism involved is reliably initiated by double strand RNA (dsRNA) which is cleaved by an RNAse III like enzyme complex (Dicer) to produce small interfering RNAs ( ...
here - FasterDB
here - FasterDB

... Figure 12. Comparison of PTB Binding Sites between Human exon 13 and its orthologous exon in the mouse genome (exon 15) among the WNK gene (A). CLIP-seq data for PTB at the exon level (B). Exon Arrays visualization when PTB is depleted in the Human (C) and Mouse (D). A. For each exon and 200 nucleot ...
T-box-mediated control of the anabolic proline biosynthetic genes of
T-box-mediated control of the anabolic proline biosynthetic genes of

... osmostress protectant (Bremer, 2002). For this task, proline can either be taken up by B. subtilis from the environment via the osmotically inducible OpuE transporter (Spiegelhalter & Bremer, 1998; von Blohn et al., 1997) or be produced in very large quantities from the precursor glutamate (Belitsky ...
pdf file
pdf file

... helix complex of antisense on bound mRNA, and somehow frees antisense on, and cleaves mRNA. ...
Chromatin regulates origin activity in Drosophila follicle cells
Chromatin regulates origin activity in Drosophila follicle cells

... It is widely believed that DNA replication in multicellular animals (metazoa) begins at specific origins to which a prereplicative complex (pre-RC) binds1. Nevertheless, a consensus sequence for origins has yet to be identified in metazoa. Origin identity can change during development, suggesting th ...
10 new
10 new

... absent. In the trp operon, the repressor has two binding sites: one for DNA and the other for the effector molecule, tryptophan. The trp repressor must first bind to a molecule of tryptophan before it can bind effectively to the trp operator. a. Draw a map of the tryptophan operon, indicating the pr ...
Huntingtin grabs a hammer: DNA repair in HD
Huntingtin grabs a hammer: DNA repair in HD

... Truant’s team, helmed by postdoctoral researcher Tam Maiuri, used an innovative method to pursue their hypothesis, using molecules called “chromobodies.” These can attach to specific protein targets and emit fluorescent light, illuminating working proteins that can be tracked under a microscope. In ...
The bovine papillomavirus type 4 long control region contains an
The bovine papillomavirus type 4 long control region contains an

... common viruses associated with cervical carcinoma and one of the mechanisms restricting these viruses to epithelial cell types involves transcriptional control. The transforming genes of these viruses, E6 and E7, are controlled by the long control region (LCR), which can be divided into three region ...
Section D - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
Section D - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure

... 1. Infects insect cells 2. The strong promoter expressing polyhedrin protein can be used to over-express foreign genes engineered. Thus, large quantities of proteins can be produced in infected insect cells. 3. Insect expression system is an important eukaryotic expression system. ...
D melanogaster - GEP Community Server
D melanogaster - GEP Community Server

... 1. Satellite DNA, a sequence of tandem repeats, is very difficult to sequence, as there are few markers to help order subclones; hence centromeric regions of the chromosomes are usually left unsequenced. 2. Other repetitious DNA, derived from transposable elements, also causes difficulties; because ...
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Primary transcript



A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The primary transcripts designated to be mRNAs are modified in preparation for translation. For example, a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is a type of primary transcript that becomes a messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing.There are several steps contributing to the production of primary transcripts. All these steps involve a series of interactions to initiate and complete the transcription of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Certain factors play key roles in the activation and inhibition of transcription, where they regulate primary transcript production. Transcription produces primary transcripts that are further modified by several processes. These processes include the 5' cap, 3'-polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. In particular, alternative splicing directly contributes to the diversity of mRNA found in cells. The modifications of primary transcripts have been further studied in research seeking greater knowledge of the role and significance of these transcripts. Experimental studies based on molecular changes to primary transcripts the processes before and after transcription have led to greater understanding of diseases involving primary transcripts.
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