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Chapter 12
Chapter 12

... • Refers to an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype • Pleiotropic effects are difficult to predict, because a gene that affects one trait often performs other, unknown functions • This can be seen in human diseases such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia – Multiple symptoms c ...
LECTURE OUTLINE
LECTURE OUTLINE

... Polygenic inheritance occurs when a trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles. These often result in a continuous variation of phenotypes. Skin Color Skin color is an example of a polygenic trait that is likely controlled by many pairs of alleles. 23.3 Environmental Influences Environmental f ...
Introduction to Genetics - Cherokee County Schools
Introduction to Genetics - Cherokee County Schools

... Mendel’s Conclusions Inheritance is determined by factors (genes) that are passed from one generation to the next.  These genes can come in different forms called alleles.  Principle of dominance – some alleles are dominant and others are recessive ...
11-1 the work of gregor mendel
11-1 the work of gregor mendel

... • Mendel studied several different pea plant traits -Trait: from one individual to another ...
Document
Document

Mendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts 1. What is a
Mendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts 1. What is a

... 10. How are alleles symbolized? 11. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 12. In humans, albinism is a homozygous recessive form of the trait for pigment in the skin. Use the letter “a” and give the possible genotypes for a normally-pigmented skin individual and an individual with a ...
SIMPLE PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
SIMPLE PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

... Cross unknown individual to a homozygous recessive individual If some offspring are dwarf, unknown individual must have been Tt If all offspring are tall, the unknown individual was TT ...
How natural selection changes allele frequencies
How natural selection changes allele frequencies

... Drift changes allele frequencies randomly (up or down) and slowly (proportional to 1/N). Selection biases the direction of allele-frequency change, and increases its speed. Alleles change frequency at speeds proportional to their difference in average fitness: Thus if selection is strong, it can cha ...
Single-Gene and Polygenic Traits
Single-Gene and Polygenic Traits

... Genetics Joins Evolutionary Theory Darwin’s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Researchers discovered that traits are controlled by genes and that many genes have at least two forms, or alleles. The combination of different alleles is an individual’s genotype. Natural selection a ...
1 Incomplete Dominance: A type of intermediate inheritance
1 Incomplete Dominance: A type of intermediate inheritance

... unless some mutation occurs during meiosis. – Ex.: Mom has alleles for black and brown hair. Dad has alleles for red and blonde hair. Offspring may inherit the black allele from mom and the blonde allele from dad. ...
What is Population Genetics?
What is Population Genetics?

... • Non-random Mating = mating between neighbors rather than by chance • Random Genetic Drift = if populations are small enough, by chance, sampling will result in a different allele frequency from one generation to the next. ...
Final Lecture
Final Lecture

... • Non-random Mating = mating between neighbors rather than by chance • Random Genetic Drift = if populations are small enough, by chance, sampling will result in a different allele frequency from one generation to the next. ...
16-pre test - saddlespace.org
16-pre test - saddlespace.org

... c. Finches prefer mates with smaller beaks than their own. d. Finches prefer mates with beaks similar in size to their own. ...
(NBIA24, 91BI11, 91BI17, 92BI11, 92BI17 och TFBI11), 22/3
(NBIA24, 91BI11, 91BI17, 92BI11, 92BI17 och TFBI11), 22/3

... 32. If a male bird that is heterozygous for a recessive Z-linked mutation is crossed to a wild type female, what proportion of the progeny will be mutant males? (a) 100 % (b) 75 % (c) 50 % (d) 25 % (e) 0 % 33. In cats the allele W results in a completely white cat, masking the phenotypes at for exa ...
Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics

cystic fibrosis pedigree
cystic fibrosis pedigree

... Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder. Individuals with CF have an excess amount of fluid produced in their lungs, leading to severe respiratory problems. People with CF often die within their first year of life. The gene for CF is not found on the sex chromosomes. Therefore, males and females will ...
Other Genetic Crosses
Other Genetic Crosses

... Many genes have more than two alleles and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. This does not mean that an individual can have more than two alleles. It only means that more than two possible exist in a population. One of the best-known examples is coat color in rabbits. A rabbit’s coat color ...
Mendelian Genetics Notes
Mendelian Genetics Notes

...  Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variation in inherited characters. (Brown eyes vs blue eyes)  For each character (eye color), an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each parent.  If the 2 alleles differ (Brown eyes vs blue eyes), the dominant allele is fully expressed in th ...
Mendel’s Genetics
Mendel’s Genetics

Other Patterns of Inheritance
Other Patterns of Inheritance

... Therefore, a heterozygous parent can give either the dominant or the recessive allele to its offspring ...
FEATURE: A structure, characteristic, or behavior of an organism
FEATURE: A structure, characteristic, or behavior of an organism

... Variation will depend on which parents were chosen and traits randomly that were selected. ...
3000_2013_2fg
3000_2013_2fg

... if allele frequency goes to 0 or 1, there is no longer any variation, polymorphism, segregation.... it STAYS there • until mutation causes new polymorphism • probability that any given allele goes to fixation (frequency 1.0) is equal to its frequency – if ...
Patterns of Single gene disorders
Patterns of Single gene disorders

... Genetic isolates: groups in which the frequency of rare recessive genes is quite different from that in the general population  Although such populations are not consanguineous, the chance of mating with another carrier of a particular recessive condition may be as high as observed in cousin ...
Traits and probability
Traits and probability

Chapter 25: Population Genetics
Chapter 25: Population Genetics

... b. has the ability to create hybrids that are heterozygous for many genes c. individuals who mate due to similar phenotypes d. individuals who mate based on dissimilar phenotypes e. allele and genotype frequencies are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium f. the quantification of the degree of inbreedin ...
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Inbreeding

Inbreeding is the sexual reproduction of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that may arise from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity.Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or deleterious traits. This generally leads to a decreased biological fitness of a population (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and reproduce. An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is referred to as inbred. The avoidance of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing. Crossbreeding between populations also often has positive effects on fitness-related traits.Inbreeding is a technique used in selective breeding. In livestock breeding, breeders may use inbreeding when, for example, trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling. Inbreeding is used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination.
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