Direct and Long-Range Action of a DPP Morphogen
... However, the early Drosophila embryo is unusual because it is a syncytium in which cytosolic proteins such as Bicoid and Hunchback, which generally function as DNA-binding transcription factors, can diffuse within a common cytoplasm. Hence, these proteins may not serve as useful precedents for gradi ...
... However, the early Drosophila embryo is unusual because it is a syncytium in which cytosolic proteins such as Bicoid and Hunchback, which generally function as DNA-binding transcription factors, can diffuse within a common cytoplasm. Hence, these proteins may not serve as useful precedents for gradi ...
Reciprocal regulation of IL-23 and IL-12 following co
... alone, and hence give higher synergistic responses relative to the responses following ligation of Dectin-1 alone. Syk kinase is activated downstream of Dectin-1 [10] (Fig. 4A), whereas activation of ERK occurs downstream of both Dectin-1 and TLR2 [15, 16]. Activation of PI3K, indicated by Akt phosp ...
... alone, and hence give higher synergistic responses relative to the responses following ligation of Dectin-1 alone. Syk kinase is activated downstream of Dectin-1 [10] (Fig. 4A), whereas activation of ERK occurs downstream of both Dectin-1 and TLR2 [15, 16]. Activation of PI3K, indicated by Akt phosp ...
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system
... major adjustment of the pathway controlling vacuole formation as well as tonoplasttargeted trafficking. We show that the expression of VPS11 and VPS39, two members of vacuolar tethering complex HOPS, are suppressed in infected cells. This occurs when the infected cells become mature N2-fixing cells. ...
... major adjustment of the pathway controlling vacuole formation as well as tonoplasttargeted trafficking. We show that the expression of VPS11 and VPS39, two members of vacuolar tethering complex HOPS, are suppressed in infected cells. This occurs when the infected cells become mature N2-fixing cells. ...
ANTAGONISM OF Bacillus spp. TOWARDS Microcystis aeruginosa Philosophiae Doctor
... (HABs) all over the world. The HABs are sometimes a direct result of anthropogenic pollution entering water bodies, such as partially treated nutrient-rich effluents and the leaching of fertilisers and animal wastes. Microcystis species are the dominant cyanobacteria (algae) that proliferate in thes ...
... (HABs) all over the world. The HABs are sometimes a direct result of anthropogenic pollution entering water bodies, such as partially treated nutrient-rich effluents and the leaching of fertilisers and animal wastes. Microcystis species are the dominant cyanobacteria (algae) that proliferate in thes ...
phasic and tonic activation of gaba receptors - LIRA-Lab
... onset, with rise times of a few hundred microseconds3,4,19. This reflects the proximity of the receptors to the site of GABA release and the speed of the closedto-open transition15,18,20,21. If the time course of the GABA concentration transient is brief, the decay of the IPSC is dominated by the io ...
... onset, with rise times of a few hundred microseconds3,4,19. This reflects the proximity of the receptors to the site of GABA release and the speed of the closedto-open transition15,18,20,21. If the time course of the GABA concentration transient is brief, the decay of the IPSC is dominated by the io ...
Polyphosphate-ATP Amplification Technology: Principle and its
... 1. Bioluminescence assay is useful but not sensitive enough to detect a single bacterial cell Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a central role in all aspects of metabolism, and, therefore, the development of methods to detect very low concentrations of ATP is very important in many areas of pure an ...
... 1. Bioluminescence assay is useful but not sensitive enough to detect a single bacterial cell Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a central role in all aspects of metabolism, and, therefore, the development of methods to detect very low concentrations of ATP is very important in many areas of pure an ...
Sains Dasar Biologi – Kimia – Biodiversitas
... out photosynthesis, the conversion their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists of light energy to food. inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversit ...
... out photosynthesis, the conversion their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists of light energy to food. inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversit ...
Protists Cells: Grow and Develop:
... The photoautotrophs are very similar to plants. They have chloroplasts that are responsible for absorbing the sunlight and turning it into useable energy. As for the heterotrophs, these Protists eat by engulfing their food in their cell membrane. The cell membrane surrounds the food and then pinches ...
... The photoautotrophs are very similar to plants. They have chloroplasts that are responsible for absorbing the sunlight and turning it into useable energy. As for the heterotrophs, these Protists eat by engulfing their food in their cell membrane. The cell membrane surrounds the food and then pinches ...
... potentially be applied in medical and environmental fields. To confirm the above facts, we screened the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of normal cell of E. coli in nutrient broth medium after 24 h of growth at 37 0C and treated cells of E. coli supplements with 0.7 g/l HAP nanoparticles as depic ...
Staphylococcus aureus Complement-Independent Phagocytosis of
... complement pathway via C1q (8, 11). SAP is a conserved, circulating protein that exhibits calcium-dependent binding to various ligand molecules on the surface of microbial pathogens (4). Both CRP and SAP assemble into pentameric ring structures, which are arranged with the ridge helix of each subuni ...
... complement pathway via C1q (8, 11). SAP is a conserved, circulating protein that exhibits calcium-dependent binding to various ligand molecules on the surface of microbial pathogens (4). Both CRP and SAP assemble into pentameric ring structures, which are arranged with the ridge helix of each subuni ...
235 actions of bicuculline on cell body and neuropilar membranes of
... neuronal nicotinic receptors on this cell differ from both peripheral and central vertebrate cholinergic receptors. For example, this insect nicotinic receptor is blocked by both abungarotoxin (Sattelle, 1985, 1986) and k-bungarotoxin (Chiappinelli et al. 1989; Pinnock et al. 1988), and is relativel ...
... neuronal nicotinic receptors on this cell differ from both peripheral and central vertebrate cholinergic receptors. For example, this insect nicotinic receptor is blocked by both abungarotoxin (Sattelle, 1985, 1986) and k-bungarotoxin (Chiappinelli et al. 1989; Pinnock et al. 1988), and is relativel ...
Mechanisms of Early Microbial Establishment on Growing Root
... identical colors are formed, which indicates that proliferation on the root surface is a key for utilization of root-derived nutrients (Bloemberg et al., 2000). ...
... identical colors are formed, which indicates that proliferation on the root surface is a key for utilization of root-derived nutrients (Bloemberg et al., 2000). ...
A study of the sulphur bacteria of the hot springs... by Raymond H Howard
... to believe that the metabolism of the purple bacteria should be considered as a combination of photosynthetic and ohemosynthetic modes of life, independent of each other, but pro viding the organisms with the faculty to live and thrive under divergent conditions. ...
... to believe that the metabolism of the purple bacteria should be considered as a combination of photosynthetic and ohemosynthetic modes of life, independent of each other, but pro viding the organisms with the faculty to live and thrive under divergent conditions. ...
... conditions, such as adenylate cyclase-activating adrenaline, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or adenosine, are also added in vitro, lower IC50 values should be expected. The simultaneous acceleration of cAMP generation by these mediators and inhibition of cAMP breakdown by PDE inhibitors evoke a synergistic ...
Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes Relationships
... discovery of archaebacteria was initially based mainly on the 16S rRNA (oligonucleotide) sequences and phylogeny. However, during the past 10 years, much new information on different gene sequences, including the entire genomes of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic species, has accumulated (15, 26, ...
... discovery of archaebacteria was initially based mainly on the 16S rRNA (oligonucleotide) sequences and phylogeny. However, during the past 10 years, much new information on different gene sequences, including the entire genomes of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic species, has accumulated (15, 26, ...
The humoral pattern recognition receptor PTX3 is stored in
... Members of the PTX superfamily are usually characterized by a pentameric structure and are highly conserved during evolution (3–6). This family is subdivided into two subclasses that depend on the length and structure of the molecules. The classical short PTXs C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyl ...
... Members of the PTX superfamily are usually characterized by a pentameric structure and are highly conserved during evolution (3–6). This family is subdivided into two subclasses that depend on the length and structure of the molecules. The classical short PTXs C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyl ...
Ruditapes decussatus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
... of 0.5 % Tween 80 (FSWT).The homogenate was then sieved progressively through 100, 75 and 20 pm nylon meshes. The resultant filtrate was spun at 2500 X g for 30 min at 8'C. The pellet was suspended in FSWT and layered onto a cushion of 15% sucrose in FSWT. After centrifugation, the supernatant was d ...
... of 0.5 % Tween 80 (FSWT).The homogenate was then sieved progressively through 100, 75 and 20 pm nylon meshes. The resultant filtrate was spun at 2500 X g for 30 min at 8'C. The pellet was suspended in FSWT and layered onto a cushion of 15% sucrose in FSWT. After centrifugation, the supernatant was d ...
Phage adsorption and lytic propagation in
... per infective center on starved cells for 5 and 17 h, respectively (Fig. 5, b). When cell cultures were starved in a medium devoid of nitrogen source (S-C broth), phage B1 propagation was achieved on starved cells for all the starvation periods assayed (1, 5 and 17 h) when the limiting substance (ni ...
... per infective center on starved cells for 5 and 17 h, respectively (Fig. 5, b). When cell cultures were starved in a medium devoid of nitrogen source (S-C broth), phage B1 propagation was achieved on starved cells for all the starvation periods assayed (1, 5 and 17 h) when the limiting substance (ni ...
Classification - HAL
... N-terminally modified RANTES analogs with agonist (AOP-, PSC- or 6P4-RANTES) or antagonist features (5P12- or 2P3-RANTES), which represent promising molecules as topical microbicides (18, 22). While the enhanced potency of agonist analogs can be explained in terms of their increased capacity to indu ...
... N-terminally modified RANTES analogs with agonist (AOP-, PSC- or 6P4-RANTES) or antagonist features (5P12- or 2P3-RANTES), which represent promising molecules as topical microbicides (18, 22). While the enhanced potency of agonist analogs can be explained in terms of their increased capacity to indu ...
The carbohydrates ofPhaeocystisand their degradation in the
... of P. globosa, however, no more than 40–70% of glucose polymers were digested (Van Rijssel et al. 2000; Alderkamp et al. 2006a). The reason for this partial digestion may be differences in the type of chrysolaminaran produced by single cells and colonial cells, e.g., with respect to polymer size or ...
... of P. globosa, however, no more than 40–70% of glucose polymers were digested (Van Rijssel et al. 2000; Alderkamp et al. 2006a). The reason for this partial digestion may be differences in the type of chrysolaminaran produced by single cells and colonial cells, e.g., with respect to polymer size or ...
Polyethyleneimine is an effective permeabilizer of Gram
... yeast extract, 5 g NaC1, pH 7.0.Cultivations were carried out at 37 "C with shaking (200 r.p.m.). Growth was monitored by measuring OD,,, with a Multiskan MCC/340 spectrophotometer (Labsystems). Permeability assay based on the uptake of l-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN). The permeability of viable bacte ...
... yeast extract, 5 g NaC1, pH 7.0.Cultivations were carried out at 37 "C with shaking (200 r.p.m.). Growth was monitored by measuring OD,,, with a Multiskan MCC/340 spectrophotometer (Labsystems). Permeability assay based on the uptake of l-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN). The permeability of viable bacte ...
Solid-Phase Synthesis, Characterization, and Cellular Activities of
... desorption rate prior to the site of intended delivery.11 Covalent attachment methods are either not discriminatory in terms of where the ND binds the peptide or protein or are limited in the length and complexity of peptide that can be bound.24–27 Furthermore, characterization of the ND surface aft ...
... desorption rate prior to the site of intended delivery.11 Covalent attachment methods are either not discriminatory in terms of where the ND binds the peptide or protein or are limited in the length and complexity of peptide that can be bound.24–27 Furthermore, characterization of the ND surface aft ...
Pattern recognition receptors and control of adaptive immunity
... pathogen, the magnitude and duration of a response are graded functions. They can be ‘read-out’ by PRRs that can sense the extent and the persistence of infection because infection is the source of PRR ligands. Aside from a few model systems, little is known about how the magnitude of the adaptive i ...
... pathogen, the magnitude and duration of a response are graded functions. They can be ‘read-out’ by PRRs that can sense the extent and the persistence of infection because infection is the source of PRR ligands. Aside from a few model systems, little is known about how the magnitude of the adaptive i ...
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) by swimming toward the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from poisons (e.g., phenol). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development (e.g., movement of sperm towards the egg during fertilization) and subsequent phases of development (e.g., migration of neurons or lymphocytes) as well as in normal function. In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis.Positive chemotaxis occurs if the movement is toward a higher concentration of the chemical in question; negative chemotaxis if the movement is in the opposite direction. Chemically prompted kinesis (randomly directed or nondirectional) can be called chemokinesis.