Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin Masaaki Kodama
... Plankton feeders such as bivalves often become toxic. Human consumption of the toxic bivalve causes severe food poisoning, including paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) which is the most dangerous because of the acuteness of the symptoms, high fatality and wide distribution throughout the world. Acc ...
... Plankton feeders such as bivalves often become toxic. Human consumption of the toxic bivalve causes severe food poisoning, including paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) which is the most dangerous because of the acuteness of the symptoms, high fatality and wide distribution throughout the world. Acc ...
Naturally Occurring Ligand Isoforms Receptor Binding and Function
... have demonstrated that the conformation of the extracellular domain is critical to maintaining function. Flt3 ligand, CSF-1, and SLF are all type 1 transmembrane proteins characterized by short cytoplasmic domains and four conserved cysteines in the extracellular domain (1, 2, 6 – 8). These four con ...
... have demonstrated that the conformation of the extracellular domain is critical to maintaining function. Flt3 ligand, CSF-1, and SLF are all type 1 transmembrane proteins characterized by short cytoplasmic domains and four conserved cysteines in the extracellular domain (1, 2, 6 – 8). These four con ...
The role of c-di-GMP signaling in an Aeromonas veronii biovar
... pSB536, which preferentially detects N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), was used (Swift et al., 1997; Winson et al., 1998). To estimate the amount of HSL in the culture, a standard curve of relative light units as a function of C4-HSL concentration was constructed using E. coli JM109 (pSB53 ...
... pSB536, which preferentially detects N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), was used (Swift et al., 1997; Winson et al., 1998). To estimate the amount of HSL in the culture, a standard curve of relative light units as a function of C4-HSL concentration was constructed using E. coli JM109 (pSB53 ...
Annual Review of Phytopathology
... start forming a microcolony and (b) such a growing homogeneous microcolony is only infrequently reached by other cells (27). A low frequency of microcolony formation also explains the strong variation found among plants with respect to ratios of two strains found at the root tip after mixed inoculat ...
... start forming a microcolony and (b) such a growing homogeneous microcolony is only infrequently reached by other cells (27). A low frequency of microcolony formation also explains the strong variation found among plants with respect to ratios of two strains found at the root tip after mixed inoculat ...
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... hydrated, often composed by multi-species, characterized by the most diverse functions of the regions inside biofilm and they are not very strongly attached to the surface. Bacterial flat layers firmly adhered to the surface or specific intracellular microcolonies have been also known during last de ...
... hydrated, often composed by multi-species, characterized by the most diverse functions of the regions inside biofilm and they are not very strongly attached to the surface. Bacterial flat layers firmly adhered to the surface or specific intracellular microcolonies have been also known during last de ...
Unusual micro-organisms from unusual habitats
... Their absolute requirement for NaCl and their optimal growth at high NaCl concentrations are the most typical features of haloarchaea. The question of their mechanisms of haloadaptation has attracted much attention and, in contrast to most other prokaryotes, which accumulate intracellular organic co ...
... Their absolute requirement for NaCl and their optimal growth at high NaCl concentrations are the most typical features of haloarchaea. The question of their mechanisms of haloadaptation has attracted much attention and, in contrast to most other prokaryotes, which accumulate intracellular organic co ...
Chemosensation in C. elegans
... Direct observation reveals that during chemotaxis, C. elegans responds not to the absolute level of attractant, but to the change in attractant concentration over time (Pierce-Shimomura et al., 1999). When an animal travels up a gradient of attractant, it moves in long forward bouts with rare change ...
... Direct observation reveals that during chemotaxis, C. elegans responds not to the absolute level of attractant, but to the change in attractant concentration over time (Pierce-Shimomura et al., 1999). When an animal travels up a gradient of attractant, it moves in long forward bouts with rare change ...
Decontamination of the BD FACSAria II: Is the
... • Endotoxin has the potential to have an effect on: • Any in vitro study that includes monocytes or macrophages as a direct or indirect component • PBMCs • Whole blood Example: Studies on T-cell activation are often performed using PBMC cultures. The presence of endotoxin might cause non-specific or ...
... • Endotoxin has the potential to have an effect on: • Any in vitro study that includes monocytes or macrophages as a direct or indirect component • PBMCs • Whole blood Example: Studies on T-cell activation are often performed using PBMC cultures. The presence of endotoxin might cause non-specific or ...
Biofilms are described as surface ... et al.,
... resulting in efficient heat transfer, energy loss, increased fluid frictional resistance and accelerated corrosion and also deteriorates the quality of various chemicals and process additives (Xiong and Liu, 2010). For example, in the paper industry, biofilms cause deterioration of chemicals like st ...
... resulting in efficient heat transfer, energy loss, increased fluid frictional resistance and accelerated corrosion and also deteriorates the quality of various chemicals and process additives (Xiong and Liu, 2010). For example, in the paper industry, biofilms cause deterioration of chemicals like st ...
Coactivation of Syk Kinase and MyD88 Adaptor Protein Pathways by
... 2006). Myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88)-dependent TLR-triggering leads to cell activation and the release of proinflammatory mediators. Our understanding of non-TLR PRRs ...
... 2006). Myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88)-dependent TLR-triggering leads to cell activation and the release of proinflammatory mediators. Our understanding of non-TLR PRRs ...
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... some eukaryotes. Thus, as well as microbial cells, the surrounding milieu contains a range of macromolecular products in which exopolysaccharide (EPS) secreted by the cells is the dominant macromolecular component, while the water content is probably about 90^97% [2]. Further secreted products inclu ...
... some eukaryotes. Thus, as well as microbial cells, the surrounding milieu contains a range of macromolecular products in which exopolysaccharide (EPS) secreted by the cells is the dominant macromolecular component, while the water content is probably about 90^97% [2]. Further secreted products inclu ...
Molecular Intercommunication between the Complement and
... agreement with previous findings (6) resulted in significant generation of C5a as detected by ELISA (Fig. 1D). In vitro cleavage of C3 and C5 by human FXa FXa, the junction of the extrinsic and intrinsic paths of the coagulation system, was evaluated for its capability to cleave C3. When human C3 an ...
... agreement with previous findings (6) resulted in significant generation of C5a as detected by ELISA (Fig. 1D). In vitro cleavage of C3 and C5 by human FXa FXa, the junction of the extrinsic and intrinsic paths of the coagulation system, was evaluated for its capability to cleave C3. When human C3 an ...
Melatonin Receptors Trigger cAMP Production and Inhibit Chloride
... changes in the intracellular chloride concentrations after challenging the cells with melatonin and analogs. In particular, melatonin and 5-MCA-NAT were able to modify intracellular chloride. Normalized plots of fluorescence versus time always presented sigmoid patterns. From these plots, three diff ...
... changes in the intracellular chloride concentrations after challenging the cells with melatonin and analogs. In particular, melatonin and 5-MCA-NAT were able to modify intracellular chloride. Normalized plots of fluorescence versus time always presented sigmoid patterns. From these plots, three diff ...
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... candidates. A gradient of the protein nerve growth factor can orient nerve growth (Gundersen & Barrett, 1980), while oriented cell shape changes and directional migration of leucocytes, for example, are induced by chemoattractant peptides released by bacteria (e.g. Schiffman, 1982). Xenopus myoblast ...
... candidates. A gradient of the protein nerve growth factor can orient nerve growth (Gundersen & Barrett, 1980), while oriented cell shape changes and directional migration of leucocytes, for example, are induced by chemoattractant peptides released by bacteria (e.g. Schiffman, 1982). Xenopus myoblast ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... assembly site (PAS). (II) In the case of ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated selective autophagy, actin can promote the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes to degrade ubiquitinated substrates. (III) After escaping from the phagosome to the cytosol, some bacterial pathogens initiate actin-based motility; mos ...
... assembly site (PAS). (II) In the case of ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated selective autophagy, actin can promote the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes to degrade ubiquitinated substrates. (III) After escaping from the phagosome to the cytosol, some bacterial pathogens initiate actin-based motility; mos ...
Evolutionarily conserved recognition and innate immunity to fungal
... are also involved in the host response to C. neoformans infection, we used a mouse shRNA library targeting innate immune receptors to screen for genes that mediate macrophage activation in response to this fungal pathogen. The RNAi Consortium has previously stated that its lentiviral library silence ...
... are also involved in the host response to C. neoformans infection, we used a mouse shRNA library targeting innate immune receptors to screen for genes that mediate macrophage activation in response to this fungal pathogen. The RNAi Consortium has previously stated that its lentiviral library silence ...
Vibrio cholerae 01 Can Assume a Chlorine
... been accepted (although without overwhelming data) that rough strains have decreased virulence [14, 15], and there has been a tendency to assume that virulence was confined to smooth V. cholerae variants. In prior studies at the Center for Vaccine Development, great care has always been taken to sel ...
... been accepted (although without overwhelming data) that rough strains have decreased virulence [14, 15], and there has been a tendency to assume that virulence was confined to smooth V. cholerae variants. In prior studies at the Center for Vaccine Development, great care has always been taken to sel ...
A Study of Specificity of Cores for Group D Streptococci
... D strains, as well as in some viridans strains, but also in strains of serological groups of streptococci not examined by McCandless et al. (1968) for the presence of cores. Thus, an important part of the present study was to determine whether cores occur in any streptococcal strains which are not g ...
... D strains, as well as in some viridans strains, but also in strains of serological groups of streptococci not examined by McCandless et al. (1968) for the presence of cores. Thus, an important part of the present study was to determine whether cores occur in any streptococcal strains which are not g ...
Analgetika kuat, Schunack
... In the case of Salvinorin A, a structuraly novel neoclerodane diterpene Kappa ligand, these effects are sought after. While Salvinorin A is considered a hallucinogen by those to whom it is known, its effects are qualitatively different than those produced by the classical indoleamine hallucinogens ...
... In the case of Salvinorin A, a structuraly novel neoclerodane diterpene Kappa ligand, these effects are sought after. While Salvinorin A is considered a hallucinogen by those to whom it is known, its effects are qualitatively different than those produced by the classical indoleamine hallucinogens ...
Hormones and Signal Transduction III
... Each is Monomeric and like the α-subunit of G-Proteins RAS Proteins Bind Guanine Nucleotides RAS Swaps GDP for GTP on Activation RAS Slowly Cleaves GTP to GDP ...
... Each is Monomeric and like the α-subunit of G-Proteins RAS Proteins Bind Guanine Nucleotides RAS Swaps GDP for GTP on Activation RAS Slowly Cleaves GTP to GDP ...
Two-Component Systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as
... systems in host-pathogen interactions. The mutagenesis studies support the role of TCS in growth and survival (Sassetti et al., 2001), indicating that the senX3, kdpD and mtrA (Sassetti et al., 2003a) gene products are required for survival in mice and that the response regulators PhoP, KdpE, PdatR, ...
... systems in host-pathogen interactions. The mutagenesis studies support the role of TCS in growth and survival (Sassetti et al., 2001), indicating that the senX3, kdpD and mtrA (Sassetti et al., 2003a) gene products are required for survival in mice and that the response regulators PhoP, KdpE, PdatR, ...
Strategies of aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
... after ammonia starvation can be considered: the recovery of a single cell and the recovery of a population. A single cell can recover within minutes to hours (see ‘Molecular response of AOB to shortage of ammonium’), depending on whether it has to activate already present enzymes or to synthesize ne ...
... after ammonia starvation can be considered: the recovery of a single cell and the recovery of a population. A single cell can recover within minutes to hours (see ‘Molecular response of AOB to shortage of ammonium’), depending on whether it has to activate already present enzymes or to synthesize ne ...
Regulation of E. coli Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity by HPr
... ptsG gene. Expression of these genes is under dual regulation, i.e., activation by the cAMP-CRP complex and repression by Mlc (Plumbridge, 1998 and 1999; Kim et al., 1999). Glucose uptake requires sequential phosphoryl transfer from four PTS proteins, as follows: Phosphoenolpyruvate ⇒ EI ⇒ HPr ⇒ EII ...
... ptsG gene. Expression of these genes is under dual regulation, i.e., activation by the cAMP-CRP complex and repression by Mlc (Plumbridge, 1998 and 1999; Kim et al., 1999). Glucose uptake requires sequential phosphoryl transfer from four PTS proteins, as follows: Phosphoenolpyruvate ⇒ EI ⇒ HPr ⇒ EII ...
Involvement of CD14 and Complement Receptors CR3 and CR4 in
... Complement receptors CR3 (also called Mac-1 and CD11b/ CD18) and CR4 (also referred to as CD11c/CD18 and p150,95) are transmembrane glycoproteins that belong to the b2 integrin family. They are expressed on the surface of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells and are involved in numerous ...
... Complement receptors CR3 (also called Mac-1 and CD11b/ CD18) and CR4 (also referred to as CD11c/CD18 and p150,95) are transmembrane glycoproteins that belong to the b2 integrin family. They are expressed on the surface of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells and are involved in numerous ...
Mechanisms of cross-talk between G-protein
... potentiated signalling, but it is worthy of note that there are cases in which extracellular Ca2+ is required [3–8]. For example, the ability of Gα q/11 -coupled neurokinin 1 receptors to potentiate Ca2+ signalling by Gα i -coupled CXCR1/2 in neutrophils [3] and the ability of Gα s -coupled prostagl ...
... potentiated signalling, but it is worthy of note that there are cases in which extracellular Ca2+ is required [3–8]. For example, the ability of Gα q/11 -coupled neurokinin 1 receptors to potentiate Ca2+ signalling by Gα i -coupled CXCR1/2 in neutrophils [3] and the ability of Gα s -coupled prostagl ...
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) by swimming toward the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from poisons (e.g., phenol). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development (e.g., movement of sperm towards the egg during fertilization) and subsequent phases of development (e.g., migration of neurons or lymphocytes) as well as in normal function. In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis.Positive chemotaxis occurs if the movement is toward a higher concentration of the chemical in question; negative chemotaxis if the movement is in the opposite direction. Chemically prompted kinesis (randomly directed or nondirectional) can be called chemokinesis.