Comparison of Polysaccharides Produced by
... higher concentration of organic nitrogen in this variation of the medium apparently suppressed fruiting body formation. The entire growth was easily stripped from the surface of the medium using a large inoculating loop. No fruiting bodies were present and microscopic examination showed only filamen ...
... higher concentration of organic nitrogen in this variation of the medium apparently suppressed fruiting body formation. The entire growth was easily stripped from the surface of the medium using a large inoculating loop. No fruiting bodies were present and microscopic examination showed only filamen ...
Bacteria under stress by complement and coagulation
... note, activation of the AP can also occur at a low-level via the spontaneous ‘tick-over’ process in which hydrolysis of C3 creates the C3b-like molecule C3H2O (Pangburn et al., 1981; Ricklin et al., 2010). This activation process is down regulated on host cells but quickly amplified on bacterial cel ...
... note, activation of the AP can also occur at a low-level via the spontaneous ‘tick-over’ process in which hydrolysis of C3 creates the C3b-like molecule C3H2O (Pangburn et al., 1981; Ricklin et al., 2010). This activation process is down regulated on host cells but quickly amplified on bacterial cel ...
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... widespread candidature. The question papers are closely related and the relationships between them have been thoroughly established using our assessment expertise. All versions of the paper give assessment of equal standard. The content assessed by the examination papers and the type of questions is ...
... widespread candidature. The question papers are closely related and the relationships between them have been thoroughly established using our assessment expertise. All versions of the paper give assessment of equal standard. The content assessed by the examination papers and the type of questions is ...
Role of glutamate on T-cell mediated immunity
... More recently, we have demonstrated that the mGlu5Rmediated inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation occurs via inhibition of IL-6 production (Pacheco et al., 2006), whereas the mGlu1R-triggered co-stimulatory effect is mediated by enhanced secretion of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFNγ(Pacheco et ...
... More recently, we have demonstrated that the mGlu5Rmediated inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation occurs via inhibition of IL-6 production (Pacheco et al., 2006), whereas the mGlu1R-triggered co-stimulatory effect is mediated by enhanced secretion of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFNγ(Pacheco et ...
Influence of Bacillus subtilis Cell Walls and EDTA on Calcite
... laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the presence of certain bacteria influences the rate of mineral dissolution (1-4), but the dissolution mechanisms in aqueous solutions remain poorly characterized, even in abiotic systems. Bacteria are a common component in weathering environments. ...
... laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the presence of certain bacteria influences the rate of mineral dissolution (1-4), but the dissolution mechanisms in aqueous solutions remain poorly characterized, even in abiotic systems. Bacteria are a common component in weathering environments. ...
Laboratory Exercise # 6: Gram Stain Purpose: The student will
... The student will perform the staining procedure called the Gram Stain, which is used to classify bacteria into two groups. Introduction: Simple staining (the use of a single stain) allows a microbiologist to observe the morphology (shape) and arrangement of bacteria. In order to classify bacteria in ...
... The student will perform the staining procedure called the Gram Stain, which is used to classify bacteria into two groups. Introduction: Simple staining (the use of a single stain) allows a microbiologist to observe the morphology (shape) and arrangement of bacteria. In order to classify bacteria in ...
Anti-microbial textiles
... An anti-microbial finish in textiles hampers the growth of micro-organisms or destroys them. In the production of our anti-microbial fabrics, silver ions are lodged within the fibres during the finishing process by anchoring the anti-microbial substance within the fibre polymer firmly in an even dis ...
... An anti-microbial finish in textiles hampers the growth of micro-organisms or destroys them. In the production of our anti-microbial fabrics, silver ions are lodged within the fibres during the finishing process by anchoring the anti-microbial substance within the fibre polymer firmly in an even dis ...
spp. Listeria Freeze-Thaw Tolerance of Role of Growth
... Unlike most other human food-borne pathogens, L. monocytogenes grows over a wide temperature range (1 to 45°C), with optimal growth at approximately 37°C (33). It has been known for some time that expression of several key virulence genes, including hly, encoding the hemolysin listeriolysin O and ac ...
... Unlike most other human food-borne pathogens, L. monocytogenes grows over a wide temperature range (1 to 45°C), with optimal growth at approximately 37°C (33). It has been known for some time that expression of several key virulence genes, including hly, encoding the hemolysin listeriolysin O and ac ...
AP Bio Ch 4 Study Guide
... ____ 43. A vesicle containing proteins from the ER fuses with the _______ region of the Golgi complex. a. trans b. smooth c. cis d. rough e. medial ____ 44. A secondary lysosome is a lysosome that a. provides a backup to the primary lysosomes. b. is smaller than a primary lysosome. c. will become a ...
... ____ 43. A vesicle containing proteins from the ER fuses with the _______ region of the Golgi complex. a. trans b. smooth c. cis d. rough e. medial ____ 44. A secondary lysosome is a lysosome that a. provides a backup to the primary lysosomes. b. is smaller than a primary lysosome. c. will become a ...
Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Targeting and Lack of Recycling of the
... analyzed only for the ETA receptor. In stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the receptor was found to reside in caveolae and to be internalized after binding of ET1 (Chun et al., 1994). Because a significant portion of the internalized receptor/ligand complex remained undegraded wit ...
... analyzed only for the ETA receptor. In stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the receptor was found to reside in caveolae and to be internalized after binding of ET1 (Chun et al., 1994). Because a significant portion of the internalized receptor/ligand complex remained undegraded wit ...
Respiratory Elicitors from Rhizobium meliloti Affect Intact Alfalfa Roots
... (data not shown), and all experiments reported here were done under N-free nutrient conditions where root exudates have been characterized (Maxwell et al., 1989). Tests showed that CO2 evolution by roots in this experimental system was linear for more than 1 h after excision (data not given). For th ...
... (data not shown), and all experiments reported here were done under N-free nutrient conditions where root exudates have been characterized (Maxwell et al., 1989). Tests showed that CO2 evolution by roots in this experimental system was linear for more than 1 h after excision (data not given). For th ...
aureus and Enterococcus faecalis exposed to
... organisms were grouped in characteristic grapelike clusters. After exposure to daptomycin 8 mg/L for 1 h, the surface of the bacteria appeared roughened with occasionalboss-like protuberances, and after 4 h most of the bacteria exhibited these processes (fig. 2B). After exposure to daptomycin for 24 ...
... organisms were grouped in characteristic grapelike clusters. After exposure to daptomycin 8 mg/L for 1 h, the surface of the bacteria appeared roughened with occasionalboss-like protuberances, and after 4 h most of the bacteria exhibited these processes (fig. 2B). After exposure to daptomycin for 24 ...
Leveau2008 - Johan Leveau
... fungi and thus allow the conversion of fungal into bacterial biomass. We recognize three types of bacterial strategies to derive nutrition from fungi: necrotrophy, extracellular biotrophy and endocellular biotrophy. Each is characterized by a set of uniquely sequential and differently overlapping in ...
... fungi and thus allow the conversion of fungal into bacterial biomass. We recognize three types of bacterial strategies to derive nutrition from fungi: necrotrophy, extracellular biotrophy and endocellular biotrophy. Each is characterized by a set of uniquely sequential and differently overlapping in ...
B. fragilis ΔPSA
... These studies show that unlike other TLR2 ligands, PSA enhances Tregs function and gene expression in the absence of APCs through TLR2 signaling directly on CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. ...
... These studies show that unlike other TLR2 ligands, PSA enhances Tregs function and gene expression in the absence of APCs through TLR2 signaling directly on CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. ...
G protein
... • Ligand binding may trigger production of molecules in the receiving cell • These small molecules or ions that relay signals from one location to another in the cell are called second messengers • A cascade of changes may be induced in the receiving cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Ligand binding may trigger production of molecules in the receiving cell • These small molecules or ions that relay signals from one location to another in the cell are called second messengers • A cascade of changes may be induced in the receiving cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Phagocytosis by pig alveolar macrophages of
... and also of their ability to phagocytose adequately left the situation unclear as to the actual extent of damage caused by A. plezlropnezlxzoniae to phagocytic cells. Phagocytosis of A.pleuropneumoniae has been studied only in strains that produce both ApxI and I1 (Inzana e t al., 1988; Udeze & Kadi ...
... and also of their ability to phagocytose adequately left the situation unclear as to the actual extent of damage caused by A. plezlropnezlxzoniae to phagocytic cells. Phagocytosis of A.pleuropneumoniae has been studied only in strains that produce both ApxI and I1 (Inzana e t al., 1988; Udeze & Kadi ...
Sphaerotilus natans encrusted with nanoballshaped Fe(III) oxide
... (accession number YP918478), and Pseudomonas sp. G-179 (accession number AAC79443) (Fig. S2), respectively. The sequence comparison suggests that nitrate reductase from nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizing bacteria could be quite different structurally from denitrifying bacteria, P. denitrificans and ...
... (accession number YP918478), and Pseudomonas sp. G-179 (accession number AAC79443) (Fig. S2), respectively. The sequence comparison suggests that nitrate reductase from nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizing bacteria could be quite different structurally from denitrifying bacteria, P. denitrificans and ...
Receptor-mediated sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins: myths, facts
... exported to the Golgi apparatus via COPII vesicles (Barlowe and Miller, 2013). However, they exit the Golgi via different mechanisms, which ensures that hydrolytic enzymes are not released to the cell exterior. This is true for all eukaryotic cells, and involves the participation of transmembrane re ...
... exported to the Golgi apparatus via COPII vesicles (Barlowe and Miller, 2013). However, they exit the Golgi via different mechanisms, which ensures that hydrolytic enzymes are not released to the cell exterior. This is true for all eukaryotic cells, and involves the participation of transmembrane re ...
Cytoplasmic Actin in Neuronal Processes as a Possible Mediator of
... ABSTRACT We have demonstrated that, after permeation with saponin and decoration with S-1 myosin subfragment, the cytoplasmic actin is organized in filaments in dendritic spines, dendrites, and axon terminals of the dentate molecular layer. The filaments are associated with the plasma membrane and t ...
... ABSTRACT We have demonstrated that, after permeation with saponin and decoration with S-1 myosin subfragment, the cytoplasmic actin is organized in filaments in dendritic spines, dendrites, and axon terminals of the dentate molecular layer. The filaments are associated with the plasma membrane and t ...
Adherence and uptake of Francisella into host cells
... Uptake of Francisella is dependent on actin polymerization and microtubules in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells.23,60,61 However, Francisella can use different mechanisms of uptake depending on conditions and cell type. Clemens et al. used electron microscopy to observe phagocytosis of a Type ...
... Uptake of Francisella is dependent on actin polymerization and microtubules in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells.23,60,61 However, Francisella can use different mechanisms of uptake depending on conditions and cell type. Clemens et al. used electron microscopy to observe phagocytosis of a Type ...
Pseudomonas spp.-induced systemic resistance
... linked to the development of ISR in whole plants (Van Loon et al., 2008). This oxidative burst was similar to that induced by oligosaccharides in grapevine suspension cells (Aziz et al., 2004, 2007), in which this response was found to be associated with increased defence-related gene expression and ...
... linked to the development of ISR in whole plants (Van Loon et al., 2008). This oxidative burst was similar to that induced by oligosaccharides in grapevine suspension cells (Aziz et al., 2004, 2007), in which this response was found to be associated with increased defence-related gene expression and ...
Hopanoids Play a Role in Membrane Integrity and pH
... be greatly enhanced if they could be attributed to specific bio(geo)chemical processes as opposed to their use solely as taxonomic proxies. Hopanoids are not produced by all bacteria, and their distribution among these groups does not appear to follow a systematic pattern (8, 49). Furthermore, speci ...
... be greatly enhanced if they could be attributed to specific bio(geo)chemical processes as opposed to their use solely as taxonomic proxies. Hopanoids are not produced by all bacteria, and their distribution among these groups does not appear to follow a systematic pattern (8, 49). Furthermore, speci ...
functional and structural complexity of signal transduction via g
... of the ultimate goal of co-crystalizing activated heptahelical receptors and Gprotein heterotrimers. Several segments in the Gα molecule undergo structural changes upon GTP hydrolysis and are designated switch regions (Lambright et al 1994, Mixon et al 1995). The most dramatic changes occur in the s ...
... of the ultimate goal of co-crystalizing activated heptahelical receptors and Gprotein heterotrimers. Several segments in the Gα molecule undergo structural changes upon GTP hydrolysis and are designated switch regions (Lambright et al 1994, Mixon et al 1995). The most dramatic changes occur in the s ...
Root Hairs. Plant Cell Monographs.
... fluorescent antibodies, fluorescence in situ hybridization as well as confocal scanning laser microscopy, have greatly aided our investigation of the rhizosphere (see references in Wagner et al. 2003). Moreover, metagenomic analyses of rhizosphere organisms are beginning to uncover the incredible di ...
... fluorescent antibodies, fluorescence in situ hybridization as well as confocal scanning laser microscopy, have greatly aided our investigation of the rhizosphere (see references in Wagner et al. 2003). Moreover, metagenomic analyses of rhizosphere organisms are beginning to uncover the incredible di ...
SNARE Complex Proteins in Rat Mast Cells Phosphorylation of
... and basophils, indicating the involvement of these proteins in leukocyte degranulation. It has been well-established that leukocyte degranulation requires a higher chemoattractant concentration than chemotaxis, which may reflect the need for activation of multiple signaling pathways for degranulatio ...
... and basophils, indicating the involvement of these proteins in leukocyte degranulation. It has been well-established that leukocyte degranulation requires a higher chemoattractant concentration than chemotaxis, which may reflect the need for activation of multiple signaling pathways for degranulatio ...
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) by swimming toward the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from poisons (e.g., phenol). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development (e.g., movement of sperm towards the egg during fertilization) and subsequent phases of development (e.g., migration of neurons or lymphocytes) as well as in normal function. In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis.Positive chemotaxis occurs if the movement is toward a higher concentration of the chemical in question; negative chemotaxis if the movement is in the opposite direction. Chemically prompted kinesis (randomly directed or nondirectional) can be called chemokinesis.