File
... and civil law • Sharia created based on the Quran, the life and teachings of Muhammad, deductive reasoning, and the consensus of the ulama (Muslim scholars) • Sharia addressed virtually every aspect of life; Examples: • Guidance for prayer and ritual cleansing • Treatment of slaves • Rules for polit ...
... and civil law • Sharia created based on the Quran, the life and teachings of Muhammad, deductive reasoning, and the consensus of the ulama (Muslim scholars) • Sharia addressed virtually every aspect of life; Examples: • Guidance for prayer and ritual cleansing • Treatment of slaves • Rules for polit ...
570 C.E. birth of the Prophet Muhammad Muhammad begins
... Several battles between Muhammad’s followers and people of Mecca ...
... Several battles between Muhammad’s followers and people of Mecca ...
Islam-Submission to Allah - WerkmeisterAPWorldHistory
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
Islam-Submission to Allah - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... • Abu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the last of which was Alī ibn Abī Tālib. It is with his succession that a division in Islam became more defined. • Sunni Muslims believe that Ali was the fourth caliph, a position chosen based on ability to lead. The Shi’a (Shiites) supported Ali; howev ...
... • Abu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the last of which was Alī ibn Abī Tālib. It is with his succession that a division in Islam became more defined. • Sunni Muslims believe that Ali was the fourth caliph, a position chosen based on ability to lead. The Shi’a (Shiites) supported Ali; howev ...
The Expansive Realm of Islam
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
Islam-Submission to Allah - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
Chapter 10 The Muslim World Questions
... 20. Who was the first caliph after Muhammad? (Abu Bakr) 21. What is a caliph? (Succesor or Deputy) 22. Which family supported the caliph to be a direct decendent of Muhammid?(Heredity) ( Umayyads) 23. Which group of Muslims meant party of Ali? (Shia) 24. What did the Umayyad family later become know ...
... 20. Who was the first caliph after Muhammad? (Abu Bakr) 21. What is a caliph? (Succesor or Deputy) 22. Which family supported the caliph to be a direct decendent of Muhammid?(Heredity) ( Umayyads) 23. Which group of Muslims meant party of Ali? (Shia) 24. What did the Umayyad family later become know ...
The Expansive Realm of Islam
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
... Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him ...
Chapter 6: The Rise and Spread of Islam
... Mt Moriah Rock - Muhammad ascended into heaven Dome of the Rock Mosque (Jerusalem) 3 holy sites: - Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem When Muhammad died, Saudi Arabia was dominantly Muslim 4 Selected Successors (caliphs) - Abu Bakr- caused split between Sunnis and Shi’ites - Ali Bin Abitalib- Abu’s rival elec ...
... Mt Moriah Rock - Muhammad ascended into heaven Dome of the Rock Mosque (Jerusalem) 3 holy sites: - Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem When Muhammad died, Saudi Arabia was dominantly Muslim 4 Selected Successors (caliphs) - Abu Bakr- caused split between Sunnis and Shi’ites - Ali Bin Abitalib- Abu’s rival elec ...
The Rise and Spread of Islam
... • The main division between Sunni and Shia Muslims is originally not a religious one, but a political one. • Sunni Muslims: Abu Bakr was the best choice as caliph; caliphs should be chosen from the umma (Muslim community). (85%) • Shia Muslims: Ali should have been picked as caliph (successor should ...
... • The main division between Sunni and Shia Muslims is originally not a religious one, but a political one. • Sunni Muslims: Abu Bakr was the best choice as caliph; caliphs should be chosen from the umma (Muslim community). (85%) • Shia Muslims: Ali should have been picked as caliph (successor should ...
The Middle East, Part I
... Diverse Land and People – Bakr unites Arabs under Islam, used military force to expand (700s) Middle East – conquered in the early 600s North Africa Spain & Sicily – early 700s (during Middle Ages) Northern India, Delhi Southeast Asia – spread through trade from India ...
... Diverse Land and People – Bakr unites Arabs under Islam, used military force to expand (700s) Middle East – conquered in the early 600s North Africa Spain & Sicily – early 700s (during Middle Ages) Northern India, Delhi Southeast Asia – spread through trade from India ...
1 - Warren County Schools
... region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire 2. Muhammad of Ghur- Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley; Sind, and north ...
... region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire 2. Muhammad of Ghur- Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley; Sind, and north ...
Islamic Empires
... • Mu'awiyah, governor of Damascus, rebelled against Ali and, after Ali’s asssassination, seized control • Umayyad Caliphs focused on expansion in the East (against Byzantium) and the West (against Vandals, Visigoths and Franks) ...
... • Mu'awiyah, governor of Damascus, rebelled against Ali and, after Ali’s asssassination, seized control • Umayyad Caliphs focused on expansion in the East (against Byzantium) and the West (against Vandals, Visigoths and Franks) ...
Unit 2: 600 – 1450 CE
... 651 Persia conquered and turned Muslim 7th century Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt converted 8th century Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, NW India, Spain and Portugal converted Early conquerors were concerned with the extension of power. ...
... 651 Persia conquered and turned Muslim 7th century Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt converted 8th century Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, NW India, Spain and Portugal converted Early conquerors were concerned with the extension of power. ...
Chap 13 Pt 2 Islam’s Expansion
... for non-Arab Muslims • Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims • Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority ...
... for non-Arab Muslims • Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims • Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority ...
Islam Wksht - School District of Mishicot
... 18. Muslims who believe that the first three caliphs were properly selected are called 19. What areas were brought under Muslim control under the leadership of the caliphs? 20. List some characteristics about Arab armies in their empire 21. The decline of the Umayyad dynasty was due to what? 22. Why ...
... 18. Muslims who believe that the first three caliphs were properly selected are called 19. What areas were brought under Muslim control under the leadership of the caliphs? 20. List some characteristics about Arab armies in their empire 21. The decline of the Umayyad dynasty was due to what? 22. Why ...
Political Islam
... and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent (accept Islam) and establish regular prayers and practices regular charity then open the way for them; ...
... and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent (accept Islam) and establish regular prayers and practices regular charity then open the way for them; ...
Age of Islamic Conquests - Mrs. Greenberg
... territory. The believed that defensive warfare was permitted by the Quran. ...
... territory. The believed that defensive warfare was permitted by the Quran. ...
Muslims and Their Empire
... Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet's companions, that the new leader (Caliph) should be elected from among those capable of the job. This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad's close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. ...
... Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet's companions, that the new leader (Caliph) should be elected from among those capable of the job. This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad's close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. ...
Chapter 11.2 Spread of Islam
... • Crossed into Europe at the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 A.D. • Pushed into France where they were stopped at the Battle of Tours in 732 A.D. • Siege on the capital city of the Byzantine Empire – Constantinople ...
... • Crossed into Europe at the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 A.D. • Pushed into France where they were stopped at the Battle of Tours in 732 A.D. • Siege on the capital city of the Byzantine Empire – Constantinople ...
Guided Reading Unit 2 - Islamamic Golden Age
... tribes. Under the first four caliphs, Arabs conquered the Persians and part of the Byzantine empire. However, a schism between Sunni and Shiite Muslims occurred after Muhammad’s death. It still exists today. Shiites believe that Muslim leaders must be descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali. They ...
... tribes. Under the first four caliphs, Arabs conquered the Persians and part of the Byzantine empire. However, a schism between Sunni and Shiite Muslims occurred after Muhammad’s death. It still exists today. Shiites believe that Muslim leaders must be descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali. They ...
Expansion of Islam Presentation
... successor of Muhammad, was meant to unite all Muslim – In the tradition of Muhammad, the Caliph is the temporal (worldly, secular) leader as well as the spiritual leader – Practically, this dual system died out with the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate by the Mongols, and temporal and spiritual ...
... successor of Muhammad, was meant to unite all Muslim – In the tradition of Muhammad, the Caliph is the temporal (worldly, secular) leader as well as the spiritual leader – Practically, this dual system died out with the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate by the Mongols, and temporal and spiritual ...
Medieval Muslim Algeria
Medieval Muslim Algeria was a period of Muslim dominance in Algeria during the Middle Ages, roughly spanning the millennium from the 7th century to the 17th century. Unlike the invasions of previous religions and cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on North Africa. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics; in large part, it would replace tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms.Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of the region were complicated and lengthy processes. Whereas nomadic Berbers were quick to convert and assist the Arab invaders, not until the 12th century under the Almohad Dynasty did the Christian and Jewish communities become totally marginalized.The first Arab military expeditions into the Maghrib, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. When the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, however, the Umayyads (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under Uqba ibn Nafi established the town of Al Qayrawan about 160 kilometers south of present-day Tunis and used it as a base for further operations.Abu al Muhajir Dinar, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with Kusayla, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusayla, who had been based in Tilimsan (Tlemcen), became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan.This harmony was short-lived, however. Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from Al Qayrawan, capital of the new wilaya (province) of Ifriqiya, which covered Tripolitania (the western part of present-day Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria.Paradoxically, the spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of open revolt in 739–40 under the banner of Kharijite Islam. The Kharijites objected to Ali, the fourth caliph, making peace with the Umayyads in 657 and left Ali's camp (khariji means ""those who leave""). The Kharijites had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's egalitarian precepts. For example, according to Kharijism, any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to race, station, or descent from the Prophet Muhammad.After the revolt, Kharijites established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. Others, however, like Sijilmasa and Tilimsan, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750 the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab as governor in Al Qayrawan. Although nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the Aghlabids, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center for learning and culture.Just to the west of Aghlabid lands, Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam ruled most of the central Maghrib from Tahert, southwest of Algiers. The rulers of the Rustamid imamate, which lasted from 761 to 909, each an Ibadi Kharijite imam, were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at Tahert was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, and astrology, as well as theology and law. The Rustamid imams, however, failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the Fatimids.