Systems Biotechnology of Pseudomonas putida for the enhanced
... than synthetic plastics since they are produced from biobased sources and their intrinsic chemical composition make them biodegradable, biocompatible, and part of the carbon cycle of the earth. Although there is a vast knowledge base for synthesizing eco-friendly biopolymers, the industrial producti ...
... than synthetic plastics since they are produced from biobased sources and their intrinsic chemical composition make them biodegradable, biocompatible, and part of the carbon cycle of the earth. Although there is a vast knowledge base for synthesizing eco-friendly biopolymers, the industrial producti ...
Studies Into the Allosteric Regulation of ADP
... in plants, cyanobacteria, and archae. Glycogen and starch are similar in composition. They are both polymers primarily composed of glucose moieties linked together by α-1,4 linkages (Figure 1), but they each have some distinct physical and chemical properties.4 In glycogen, chains of α-1,4-polygluca ...
... in plants, cyanobacteria, and archae. Glycogen and starch are similar in composition. They are both polymers primarily composed of glucose moieties linked together by α-1,4 linkages (Figure 1), but they each have some distinct physical and chemical properties.4 In glycogen, chains of α-1,4-polygluca ...
The semi-phosphorylative Entner–Doudoroff pathway in
... The activity of the T. tenax and S. solfataricus KDG kinases was determined at 70 and 60 ◦C respectively using a continuous assay. The phosphorylation of KDG by ATP was monitored by coupling the formation of KDPG with the reduction of NAD+ via KD(P)G aldolase and GAPN of T. tenax [32]. The standard ...
... The activity of the T. tenax and S. solfataricus KDG kinases was determined at 70 and 60 ◦C respectively using a continuous assay. The phosphorylation of KDG by ATP was monitored by coupling the formation of KDPG with the reduction of NAD+ via KD(P)G aldolase and GAPN of T. tenax [32]. The standard ...
Improvement of Aspergillus nidulans penicillin production by
... Andreas Herr, Reinhard Fischer n Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) – South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany ...
... Andreas Herr, Reinhard Fischer n Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) – South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Dept. of Microbiology, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
Allergic hypersensitivity to topical and systemic corticosteroids
... antibodies and/or T lymphocytes. Allergic hypersensitivity reactions require a prior sensitization to the drug, in order to develop an adaptive immune response with production of drug-specific antibodies (IgE or IgG) or T lymphocyte (CD4+ or CD8+ ). Allergic reactions can be classified, according to G ...
... antibodies and/or T lymphocytes. Allergic hypersensitivity reactions require a prior sensitization to the drug, in order to develop an adaptive immune response with production of drug-specific antibodies (IgE or IgG) or T lymphocyte (CD4+ or CD8+ ). Allergic reactions can be classified, according to G ...
A Systematic Approach to Enzyme Assay Optimization, Illustrated by
... for assay design begins with developing a mathematical representation, or model, of the enzyme kinetics of the assay. The parameters of the model, which are the enzymes’ Michaehis constants, are derived from experimental data. For each of the two assays, these data consist of activity measurements a ...
... for assay design begins with developing a mathematical representation, or model, of the enzyme kinetics of the assay. The parameters of the model, which are the enzymes’ Michaehis constants, are derived from experimental data. For each of the two assays, these data consist of activity measurements a ...
Basic Science for Clinicians
... Ischemic Heart Activated AMPK has a number of diverse actions during ischemia. AMPK is known to modulate energy generating metabolic pathways, cellular protein synthesis, gene expression, ion channel activity, and the function of specialized organelles in the ischemic heart (Figure 3). In some cases ...
... Ischemic Heart Activated AMPK has a number of diverse actions during ischemia. AMPK is known to modulate energy generating metabolic pathways, cellular protein synthesis, gene expression, ion channel activity, and the function of specialized organelles in the ischemic heart (Figure 3). In some cases ...
C. jejuni
... that spans the entire cell envelope. The translocon consists of an IM ATPase-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, a membrane-fusion protein and an OM pore. Substrates of this pathway, such as alpha-haemolysin, possess an uncleaved carboxy-terminal signal sequence. ...
... that spans the entire cell envelope. The translocon consists of an IM ATPase-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, a membrane-fusion protein and an OM pore. Substrates of this pathway, such as alpha-haemolysin, possess an uncleaved carboxy-terminal signal sequence. ...
Arginine HCl
... Dosage of Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is determined by the severity of the acidosis, appropriate laboratory determinations, and the patient's age, weight and clinical condition. Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is administered by the intravenous route preferably via a central line. Extravasation must b ...
... Dosage of Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is determined by the severity of the acidosis, appropriate laboratory determinations, and the patient's age, weight and clinical condition. Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is administered by the intravenous route preferably via a central line. Extravasation must b ...
Understanding the Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Acetylation in E
... group is transferred to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue. Nα-acetylation is a nonreversible PTM that is rare in bacteria, In contrast, Nε-lysine protein acetylation is a reversible PTM that can function to alter protein structure, function, stability, localization, and protein-protein interacti ...
... group is transferred to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue. Nα-acetylation is a nonreversible PTM that is rare in bacteria, In contrast, Nε-lysine protein acetylation is a reversible PTM that can function to alter protein structure, function, stability, localization, and protein-protein interacti ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (step 4 ); this is the “lysis” step that gives the pathway its name. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to a second molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (step 5 ), ending the first phase of glycolysis. From a chemical perspective, the isomerization in step ...
... and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (step 4 ); this is the “lysis” step that gives the pathway its name. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to a second molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (step 5 ), ending the first phase of glycolysis. From a chemical perspective, the isomerization in step ...
13C MRS: An outstanding tool for metabolic studies
... ability of 13C MRS to (i) perform repetitive, noninvasive measurements of metabolic processes as they proceed in their own intracellular environment and (ii) its capacity to measure unique physical properties not detectable by other methodologies, such as spin coupling patterns, isotopic shifts, or ...
... ability of 13C MRS to (i) perform repetitive, noninvasive measurements of metabolic processes as they proceed in their own intracellular environment and (ii) its capacity to measure unique physical properties not detectable by other methodologies, such as spin coupling patterns, isotopic shifts, or ...
METABOLIC SUPPORT IN LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
... assisted Dr Hill in performing the mass spectroscopy. The spectra obtained were analysed by Dr James. ...
... assisted Dr Hill in performing the mass spectroscopy. The spectra obtained were analysed by Dr James. ...
Sodium Bicarbonate 8.4% Injection 840 mg/10 mL
... Dosage of Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is determined by the severity of the acidosis, appropriate laboratory determinations, and the patient's age, weight and clinical condition. Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is administered by the intravenous route preferably via a central line. Extravasation must b ...
... Dosage of Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is determined by the severity of the acidosis, appropriate laboratory determinations, and the patient's age, weight and clinical condition. Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is administered by the intravenous route preferably via a central line. Extravasation must b ...
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND
... of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these amino acids are present at higher concentrations—sometimes an order of magnitude or more higher—than other amino acids. An Escherichia coli cell requires so much glutamate that this amino acid is one of the primary solut ...
... of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these amino acids are present at higher concentrations—sometimes an order of magnitude or more higher—than other amino acids. An Escherichia coli cell requires so much glutamate that this amino acid is one of the primary solut ...
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... leads to the activation of metabolite entry into the PPP and directs glucose towards biosynthesis [51]. Together, these results demonstrate that cancer cells need to accurately control the relative metabolite flux between glycolysis and the PPP to generate glycolytic intermediates but also maintain ...
... leads to the activation of metabolite entry into the PPP and directs glucose towards biosynthesis [51]. Together, these results demonstrate that cancer cells need to accurately control the relative metabolite flux between glycolysis and the PPP to generate glycolytic intermediates but also maintain ...
Bacterial methionine biosynthesis
... The final step in methionine biosynthesis is the Smethylation of homocysteine (Fig. 1). E. coli can carry out this step using either one of two non-homologous enzymes: cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase, encoded by metH; or cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, encoded by metE. The metH-en ...
... The final step in methionine biosynthesis is the Smethylation of homocysteine (Fig. 1). E. coli can carry out this step using either one of two non-homologous enzymes: cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase, encoded by metH; or cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, encoded by metE. The metH-en ...
Metabolic network modelling
Metabolic network reconstruction and simulation allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism. In particular, these models correlate the genome with molecular physiology. A reconstruction breaks down metabolic pathways (such as glycolysis and the Citric acid cycle) into their respective reactions and enzymes, and analyzes them within the perspective of the entire network. In simplified terms, a reconstruction collects all of the relevant metabolic information of an organism and compiles it in a mathematical model. Validation and analysis of reconstructions can allow identification of key features of metabolism such as growth yield, resource distribution, network robustness, and gene essentiality. This knowledge can then be applied to create novel biotechnology.In general, the process to build a reconstruction is as follows: Draft a reconstruction Refine the model Convert model into a mathematical/computational representation Evaluate and debug model through experimentation↑