Amino Acids - Shelton State
... acids because its "branch" and amino group are linked forming a ring. The presence of proline in a peptide usually creates a bend in the chain. ...
... acids because its "branch" and amino group are linked forming a ring. The presence of proline in a peptide usually creates a bend in the chain. ...
Six Major Classes of Enzymes and Examples of Their Subclasses
... to a fairly complete description of the chemical reaction catalyzed, for example D-glyceraldehyde 3phosphate:NAD oxidoreductase. The IUBMB names are unambiguous and informative, but are sometimes too cumbersome to be of general use. ...
... to a fairly complete description of the chemical reaction catalyzed, for example D-glyceraldehyde 3phosphate:NAD oxidoreductase. The IUBMB names are unambiguous and informative, but are sometimes too cumbersome to be of general use. ...
Why and how do plants regulate their pH?
... Involves phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase; malate dehydrogenase & malic enzyme (Davies 1973, 1986): [sugar ] PEP + CO2 + OH- OAA malate pyruvate +CO2 + OH(PEP carboxylase) ...
... Involves phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase; malate dehydrogenase & malic enzyme (Davies 1973, 1986): [sugar ] PEP + CO2 + OH- OAA malate pyruvate +CO2 + OH(PEP carboxylase) ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
8.3 What Happens During Cellular Respiration?
... is broken down (continued) – The Krebs cycle (continued) – The Krebs cycle begins by combining acetyl CoA with a four-carbon molecule to form six-carbon citrate, and coenzyme A is released – As the Krebs cycle proceeds, enzymes in the matrix break down the acetyl group, releasing two CO2 molecules a ...
... is broken down (continued) – The Krebs cycle (continued) – The Krebs cycle begins by combining acetyl CoA with a four-carbon molecule to form six-carbon citrate, and coenzyme A is released – As the Krebs cycle proceeds, enzymes in the matrix break down the acetyl group, releasing two CO2 molecules a ...
Metabolic targets for cancer therapy
... antineoplastic effects, possibly as a result of the normalization of tumour-specific metabolic alterations. Of note, regular intake of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin, which has recently been suggested to operate as a metabolic modulator, limits the incidence of some forms of cancer ...
... antineoplastic effects, possibly as a result of the normalization of tumour-specific metabolic alterations. Of note, regular intake of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin, which has recently been suggested to operate as a metabolic modulator, limits the incidence of some forms of cancer ...
intermediary metabolism
... The first and the most direct is to study the pathway in vitro (in glass i.e. in the test tube) in a cell free extract of a tissue capable of catalyzing the overall metabolic process e.g. conversion of glucose into ethanol and CO2 by yeast, was discovered by Buchner, 1898. Subsequently it was found ...
... The first and the most direct is to study the pathway in vitro (in glass i.e. in the test tube) in a cell free extract of a tissue capable of catalyzing the overall metabolic process e.g. conversion of glucose into ethanol and CO2 by yeast, was discovered by Buchner, 1898. Subsequently it was found ...
Gluconeogenesis
... the activity of phosphoglycerate kinase . This reaction require 1 ATP to give it's phosphate group to 3 phosphoglycerate to produce 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate . Step 6: 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate is then converted to glycerol aldehyde 3 phosphate catalyzed by glycerol aldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase ...
... the activity of phosphoglycerate kinase . This reaction require 1 ATP to give it's phosphate group to 3 phosphoglycerate to produce 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate . Step 6: 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate is then converted to glycerol aldehyde 3 phosphate catalyzed by glycerol aldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase ...
Question paper - Edexcel
... hydrogencarbonate as shown in the equation below. C6H8O7(s) + 3NaHCO3(s) o Na3C6H5O7(s) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) Use the structural formula of citric acid to explain why one mole of citric acid neutralizes three moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate. ...
... hydrogencarbonate as shown in the equation below. C6H8O7(s) + 3NaHCO3(s) o Na3C6H5O7(s) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) Use the structural formula of citric acid to explain why one mole of citric acid neutralizes three moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate. ...
Carbohydrate
... brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. • Other brown colors obtained upon heating or during long-term storage of foods containing reducing sugars are undesirable. • Common browning of foods on heating or on storage is usually due to a chemical reaction between reducing sugars, ...
... brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. • Other brown colors obtained upon heating or during long-term storage of foods containing reducing sugars are undesirable. • Common browning of foods on heating or on storage is usually due to a chemical reaction between reducing sugars, ...
ENZYMES: THE MAJESTIC MOLECULES OF LIFE Part
... often at its opposite ends. When folded in space, they approach one another and form the active centre. The remaining amino acid residues of the enzyme polypeptide chain provide for an appropriate spatial configuration of the active centre and exert influence on the reactivity of its constituent gro ...
... often at its opposite ends. When folded in space, they approach one another and form the active centre. The remaining amino acid residues of the enzyme polypeptide chain provide for an appropriate spatial configuration of the active centre and exert influence on the reactivity of its constituent gro ...
Fermentation
... Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid fro ...
... Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid fro ...
Enantioselective -Hydroxylation of 2-Arylacetic Acid Derivatives and r
... act as thrombin inhibitors and anticoagulants.16 Due to the high level of interest in these compounds, a number of methods have been developed for their synthesis in the enantiomerically pure form.17 These methods often use racemic substrates or intermediates for resolution or selective hydrolysis r ...
... act as thrombin inhibitors and anticoagulants.16 Due to the high level of interest in these compounds, a number of methods have been developed for their synthesis in the enantiomerically pure form.17 These methods often use racemic substrates or intermediates for resolution or selective hydrolysis r ...
Fuel Basics
... Important to remember Most often, it is a combination of the 3 energy systems that supply ATP to your muscle. The body has limited storage of ATP (lasts 2-3 seconds) so it must be supplied by these energy systems for your muscle to work. ...
... Important to remember Most often, it is a combination of the 3 energy systems that supply ATP to your muscle. The body has limited storage of ATP (lasts 2-3 seconds) so it must be supplied by these energy systems for your muscle to work. ...
Molecules - Chapter 2
... acids they make the cis forms Food manufacturers found that foods like chips with the trans form have a longer “shelf ...
... acids they make the cis forms Food manufacturers found that foods like chips with the trans form have a longer “shelf ...
2. tissue - specific metabolism - cmb
... bloodstream transports what may be one organ's waste product but another organ's fuel (for example, lactate from muscle to liver). 2. Blood transports oxygen from lungs to tissues, enabling exergonic oxidative pathways to occur, followed by transport of the resultant CO2 back to the lungs for exhal ...
... bloodstream transports what may be one organ's waste product but another organ's fuel (for example, lactate from muscle to liver). 2. Blood transports oxygen from lungs to tissues, enabling exergonic oxidative pathways to occur, followed by transport of the resultant CO2 back to the lungs for exhal ...
Amino Acids
... • Histidine is weakly basic, free aa is largely uncharged at physiologic pH. When in protein, His R-group can be either positive or neutral depending on the ionic env. provided by the polypeptide chains of the protein. • This contributes to role of His in functioning of proteins such as Hb ...
... • Histidine is weakly basic, free aa is largely uncharged at physiologic pH. When in protein, His R-group can be either positive or neutral depending on the ionic env. provided by the polypeptide chains of the protein. • This contributes to role of His in functioning of proteins such as Hb ...
BCHEM 254 – METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES II Lecture
... Nitrogen Bases: There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases in nucleic acids: purines and pyrimidines. Purines consist of two fused nitrogen-containing rings with a total of nine ring atoms. Pyridmidines have only a six-membered nitrogencontaining ring. Purines and pyrimidines are "flat", hydr ...
... Nitrogen Bases: There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases in nucleic acids: purines and pyrimidines. Purines consist of two fused nitrogen-containing rings with a total of nine ring atoms. Pyridmidines have only a six-membered nitrogencontaining ring. Purines and pyrimidines are "flat", hydr ...
Biochemical methods of conversion
... addition of phosphorus from ATP. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate produces dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the action of aldolase. ATP is again released when pyruvate is formed from 1,3diphosphoglycerate. Pyruvate formed from glycolysis is further processed through the Kreb’s cy ...
... addition of phosphorus from ATP. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate produces dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the action of aldolase. ATP is again released when pyruvate is formed from 1,3diphosphoglycerate. Pyruvate formed from glycolysis is further processed through the Kreb’s cy ...
Gluconeogenesis • The biosynthesis of glucose
... -Lactate is transported (through the blood stream) to the liver -In the liver (where there is O2), it is oxidized back to pyruvate -Pyruvate is converted, via gluconeogenesis, back to glucose • Our glucose supply is decreasing in the muscle -Glucose from liver is transported back to the muscle, thro ...
... -Lactate is transported (through the blood stream) to the liver -In the liver (where there is O2), it is oxidized back to pyruvate -Pyruvate is converted, via gluconeogenesis, back to glucose • Our glucose supply is decreasing in the muscle -Glucose from liver is transported back to the muscle, thro ...
Physiology Objectives 33
... Renal secretion of H+, secretion of titratable acid and bicarbonate formation: The collecting duct accepts a Na+ to turn titratable acid salt into its conjugate base, and this conjugate base accepts an H+ secreted via either the H+ ATPase or H+/K+ ATPase countertransporter and is formed by H2CO3 dis ...
... Renal secretion of H+, secretion of titratable acid and bicarbonate formation: The collecting duct accepts a Na+ to turn titratable acid salt into its conjugate base, and this conjugate base accepts an H+ secreted via either the H+ ATPase or H+/K+ ATPase countertransporter and is formed by H2CO3 dis ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.