Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... within the hydrophobic core of the protein. – Aliphatic: Hydrophobic group that contains only carbon or hydrogen atoms. – Aromatic: A side chain is considered aromatic when it contains an ...
... within the hydrophobic core of the protein. – Aliphatic: Hydrophobic group that contains only carbon or hydrogen atoms. – Aromatic: A side chain is considered aromatic when it contains an ...
ABBREVIATIONS IN ASPET JOURNALS
... Table 8. Amino Acid Abbreviations Use three-letter code or spell out in text; both forms can be used interchangeably. Use three-letter code with single amino acids (e.g., Pro421), but if another amino acid is specified, as in mutants or substitutions, use one-letter code (P421A). In strings 2 amino ...
... Table 8. Amino Acid Abbreviations Use three-letter code or spell out in text; both forms can be used interchangeably. Use three-letter code with single amino acids (e.g., Pro421), but if another amino acid is specified, as in mutants or substitutions, use one-letter code (P421A). In strings 2 amino ...
pdf file
... mitochondria, decreased substantially the Ca2+ induced cytochrome c release, an early event of the apoptotic programme. It is possible that the different effects observed could arise in part from differences in the concentration range used. Furthermore, functions of mitochondria from various tissues ...
... mitochondria, decreased substantially the Ca2+ induced cytochrome c release, an early event of the apoptotic programme. It is possible that the different effects observed could arise in part from differences in the concentration range used. Furthermore, functions of mitochondria from various tissues ...
Document
... • changes in 1°structure that accompany the change from chymotrypsinogen to -chymotrypsin result in changes in ____________________________________ as well. -chymotrypsin is enzymatically ___________ because of its 2°- and 3°structure, just as chymotrypsinogen was ________ because of its 2°- and ...
... • changes in 1°structure that accompany the change from chymotrypsinogen to -chymotrypsin result in changes in ____________________________________ as well. -chymotrypsin is enzymatically ___________ because of its 2°- and 3°structure, just as chymotrypsinogen was ________ because of its 2°- and ...
Lipopolysaccharide with 2,3-diamino-2,3
... solution SL 8 [7], 1 ml. Na2S was added from a separately autoclaved 10% solution. Initial pH was adjusted to 7.2. For some batches Na-malate and N a H C O 3 (2 g per 1 of each) were used instead of acetate. In this case the culture had to be fed with Na2S (4 to 8 ml of a neutralized 10% solution pe ...
... solution SL 8 [7], 1 ml. Na2S was added from a separately autoclaved 10% solution. Initial pH was adjusted to 7.2. For some batches Na-malate and N a H C O 3 (2 g per 1 of each) were used instead of acetate. In this case the culture had to be fed with Na2S (4 to 8 ml of a neutralized 10% solution pe ...
Calculation of Biochemical Net Reactions and Pathways by Using
... The section on the mathematics of pathways describes three levels of thermodynamic treatment. The previous section was at Level 2, and in this section Level 3 is used. The advantage of using Level 3 is that the number of reactants is reduced. In this case ATP, ADP, Pi, NADox , and NADred, are remove ...
... The section on the mathematics of pathways describes three levels of thermodynamic treatment. The previous section was at Level 2, and in this section Level 3 is used. The advantage of using Level 3 is that the number of reactants is reduced. In this case ATP, ADP, Pi, NADox , and NADred, are remove ...
milliliters per liter. After 5-day-old cultures wvere
... excess of N15 in alanine must have derived from a compound with about 16.0 % N15. This suggests that the alanine nitrogen dlerives from glutamic acid (since transamination from glutamine to pyruvate could Ilot be demonistratedl). This conclusion agrees with the inability to (lenonstrate any mechanis ...
... excess of N15 in alanine must have derived from a compound with about 16.0 % N15. This suggests that the alanine nitrogen dlerives from glutamic acid (since transamination from glutamine to pyruvate could Ilot be demonistratedl). This conclusion agrees with the inability to (lenonstrate any mechanis ...
Path of Glucose Breakdown and Cell Yields of a
... (for example, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway) the lactate formed in glucose 1-14Cand glucose 6J4C fermentations shows quite different labelling patterns. Table 1 shows the results of the fermentation of glucose lJ4C and glucose 6J4C by Actinomyces naeslundii grown anaerobically in substrate ...
... (for example, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway) the lactate formed in glucose 1-14Cand glucose 6J4C fermentations shows quite different labelling patterns. Table 1 shows the results of the fermentation of glucose lJ4C and glucose 6J4C by Actinomyces naeslundii grown anaerobically in substrate ...
Vegetable origin latic acid bacteria
... One example, KAGOME, one of the biggest drink manufacturer in Japan, launched a lactic acid bacteria drink which is derived from vegetable, not from animal. It has become boom. As soon as it has been displayed on the shelf of super markets, it has been immediately sold out, because it has given good ...
... One example, KAGOME, one of the biggest drink manufacturer in Japan, launched a lactic acid bacteria drink which is derived from vegetable, not from animal. It has become boom. As soon as it has been displayed on the shelf of super markets, it has been immediately sold out, because it has given good ...
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme Regulation
... Example of isoenzymes and their structure: [[2]] 3. Reversible covalent modification. An enzyme's activity can be altered by covalently attaching a different group to its active site. It blocks the natural substrate from binding to the active site. The most common forms of covalent modification are ...
... Example of isoenzymes and their structure: [[2]] 3. Reversible covalent modification. An enzyme's activity can be altered by covalently attaching a different group to its active site. It blocks the natural substrate from binding to the active site. The most common forms of covalent modification are ...
HMH 2.3 notes
... Integrating Chemistry – Types of reactions • Some polymers form through a process of dehydration, that is, a molecule of water is released as one or more monomer bonds to another. One provides a hydrogen (H) and the other provides a hydroxyl group (OH). • Some polymers can also be broken down in a r ...
... Integrating Chemistry – Types of reactions • Some polymers form through a process of dehydration, that is, a molecule of water is released as one or more monomer bonds to another. One provides a hydrogen (H) and the other provides a hydroxyl group (OH). • Some polymers can also be broken down in a r ...
1 Proteins: Workshop I Amino Acids
... c. Intermolecular forces are an important aspect of the interaction between a pharmaceutical and its receptor site. Experimental evidence indicates that drugs interact with receptor sites which have protein-like properties. Hydrophobic bonds (London dispersion forces) are formed between non-polar hy ...
... c. Intermolecular forces are an important aspect of the interaction between a pharmaceutical and its receptor site. Experimental evidence indicates that drugs interact with receptor sites which have protein-like properties. Hydrophobic bonds (London dispersion forces) are formed between non-polar hy ...
SATL-POC - Systematic Approach to Teaching
... units. The absorption of O-H stretching appears as a broad band near 3000 cm-1. The νC=O stretching absorption in aliphatic acids occurs at 1725-1700 cm-1. • Some of the acids viz., acetic acid, benzoic acid, exist as dimmers due to hydrogen bonding. Formation of bridge lowers the force constants an ...
... units. The absorption of O-H stretching appears as a broad band near 3000 cm-1. The νC=O stretching absorption in aliphatic acids occurs at 1725-1700 cm-1. • Some of the acids viz., acetic acid, benzoic acid, exist as dimmers due to hydrogen bonding. Formation of bridge lowers the force constants an ...
Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of the ATP equivalent guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by suc ...
... which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of the ATP equivalent guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by suc ...
CK-NAC Reagent (Creatine Kinase, activated by N
... CK-2 (MB) and CK-3 (MM). The main proportion of total CK activity is found in the skeletal muscle and this is predominantly the CK-3 isoform. Other tissues with relatively high levels of CK include the myocardium, of which approximately 40% is the CK-2 isoform, gastrointestinal tract and brain where ...
... CK-2 (MB) and CK-3 (MM). The main proportion of total CK activity is found in the skeletal muscle and this is predominantly the CK-3 isoform. Other tissues with relatively high levels of CK include the myocardium, of which approximately 40% is the CK-2 isoform, gastrointestinal tract and brain where ...
Lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble, or only sparingly
... b. Very long chain fatty acids (>20 carbons) are produced by neural tissues.for the synthesis of phosphlipids and glycolipids. 3. Desaturation of fatty acids Fatty acids can be desaturated by enzymes that insert double bonds between the carbons 9 and 10 from the COOH end. Desaturation can also occur ...
... b. Very long chain fatty acids (>20 carbons) are produced by neural tissues.for the synthesis of phosphlipids and glycolipids. 3. Desaturation of fatty acids Fatty acids can be desaturated by enzymes that insert double bonds between the carbons 9 and 10 from the COOH end. Desaturation can also occur ...
Separation of Low Levels of Isoleucine from Leucine Using
... The European Pharmacacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines requirements for the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids and mixtures of amino acids. The requirements for allowed impurities are also defined. Manufacturers of amino acids are legally bound to prove that their amino acids meet thes ...
... The European Pharmacacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines requirements for the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids and mixtures of amino acids. The requirements for allowed impurities are also defined. Manufacturers of amino acids are legally bound to prove that their amino acids meet thes ...
Enzymes - WordPress.com
... All enzymes are globular proteins. They are soluble in water due to the presence of many hydrophilic side groups on their constituent amino acids. Most enzymes are very large molecules but only a small part of them is involved in catalysis. This is called the active site and it may consist of just a ...
... All enzymes are globular proteins. They are soluble in water due to the presence of many hydrophilic side groups on their constituent amino acids. Most enzymes are very large molecules but only a small part of them is involved in catalysis. This is called the active site and it may consist of just a ...
amino acids - CRCBiologyY11
... 1. Amino acids join together so that the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups meet. Water is removed in this reaction. 2. The amino acid group consisting of 2 hydrogen atoms and a nitrogen atom. 3. This type of bond is formed between the two amino acids. 4. Polymers made up of long chains of 20 different am ...
... 1. Amino acids join together so that the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups meet. Water is removed in this reaction. 2. The amino acid group consisting of 2 hydrogen atoms and a nitrogen atom. 3. This type of bond is formed between the two amino acids. 4. Polymers made up of long chains of 20 different am ...
Chapter 21
... - At low T, enzyme shows little activity (not an enough amount of energy for the catalyzed reaction). - At very high T, enzyme is destroyed (tertiary structure is denatured). - Optimum temperature: 37°C or body temperature. ...
... - At low T, enzyme shows little activity (not an enough amount of energy for the catalyzed reaction). - At very high T, enzyme is destroyed (tertiary structure is denatured). - Optimum temperature: 37°C or body temperature. ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... -Several important drugs are protease inhibitors. -Ex). Indinavir : Inhibitor of HIV protease, which is an aspartyl protease. Mimics the tetrahedral intermediate. -To prevent unwanted side effects, protease inhibitors used as drugs must be specific. ...
... -Several important drugs are protease inhibitors. -Ex). Indinavir : Inhibitor of HIV protease, which is an aspartyl protease. Mimics the tetrahedral intermediate. -To prevent unwanted side effects, protease inhibitors used as drugs must be specific. ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. ...
... 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. ...
biochemistry of proteins and nucleic acids
... 2 TCA, reactions, enzymes, mechanisms of regulation, its interrelation with amino acid, carbohydrates, lipids metabolism, and urea cycle. 3 Mechanisms of mitochondrial and microsomal oxidations. 4 Enzymopathies (general characteristic). 5 Enzymodiagnostics (principles, objects, the purpose and probl ...
... 2 TCA, reactions, enzymes, mechanisms of regulation, its interrelation with amino acid, carbohydrates, lipids metabolism, and urea cycle. 3 Mechanisms of mitochondrial and microsomal oxidations. 4 Enzymopathies (general characteristic). 5 Enzymodiagnostics (principles, objects, the purpose and probl ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.