other nitrogen-containing compounds
... • Tyrosine is first hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase to form 3,4dihydroxy- phenylalanine (dopa) . • The enzyme is abundant in the central nervous system, the sympathetic ganglia, and the adrenal medulla, and is the ratelimiting step of the pathway. • Dopa is decarboxylated in a reaction requirin ...
... • Tyrosine is first hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase to form 3,4dihydroxy- phenylalanine (dopa) . • The enzyme is abundant in the central nervous system, the sympathetic ganglia, and the adrenal medulla, and is the ratelimiting step of the pathway. • Dopa is decarboxylated in a reaction requirin ...
Document
... • The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form ‘kinks’ so the molecules cannot pack together to form solids. • saturated fatty acids can pack together closely and can form solids. ...
... • The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form ‘kinks’ so the molecules cannot pack together to form solids. • saturated fatty acids can pack together closely and can form solids. ...
Biochemical Screening of Pyrimidine
... in ATP. From these data it would appear that these agents have no inhibitory effect upon oxidative phosphorylation and that the inhibition oc curs in the steps between orotic acid and UMP-5'. The occurrence of abnormal metabolites or the "piling up" of other metabolites could not be demonstrated bec ...
... in ATP. From these data it would appear that these agents have no inhibitory effect upon oxidative phosphorylation and that the inhibition oc curs in the steps between orotic acid and UMP-5'. The occurrence of abnormal metabolites or the "piling up" of other metabolites could not be demonstrated bec ...
6-10summary
... concentrated, down its concentration gradient. No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient; diffusion is a spontaneous process, needing no input of energy. ...
... concentrated, down its concentration gradient. No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient; diffusion is a spontaneous process, needing no input of energy. ...
fatty acids: straight-chain saturated
... by a reaction catalysed by β–ketoacyl-ACP synthetase, this is reduced to 3-hydroxy-butanoate by β–ketoacyl-ACP reductase, which is in turn dehydrated to trans-2-butenoate by β–hydroxyacylACP hydratase before it is reduced to butanoate by enoyl-ACP reductase. The process then continues with the addit ...
... by a reaction catalysed by β–ketoacyl-ACP synthetase, this is reduced to 3-hydroxy-butanoate by β–ketoacyl-ACP reductase, which is in turn dehydrated to trans-2-butenoate by β–hydroxyacylACP hydratase before it is reduced to butanoate by enoyl-ACP reductase. The process then continues with the addit ...
3.the nature of proteins
... Peptide bond Polypeptide chains form when amino acids bond together in a particular sequence. THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein is the number, type and sequence of amino acids that make up this linear chain together with the peptide bonds that hold them together Different proteins have different pr ...
... Peptide bond Polypeptide chains form when amino acids bond together in a particular sequence. THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein is the number, type and sequence of amino acids that make up this linear chain together with the peptide bonds that hold them together Different proteins have different pr ...
Uric acid estimation in plasma
... Salvage pathways collect hypoxanthine and guanine and recombine them with PRPP to form nucleotides in the HGPRT reaction Absence of HGPRT is cause of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome This increase may be due to PRPP feed-forward activation of de novo pathways the rate of purine synthesis is increased about 200X ...
... Salvage pathways collect hypoxanthine and guanine and recombine them with PRPP to form nucleotides in the HGPRT reaction Absence of HGPRT is cause of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome This increase may be due to PRPP feed-forward activation of de novo pathways the rate of purine synthesis is increased about 200X ...
Understanding fatty acid synthesis in developing - Shachar
... Qi et al., 1994). However the uptake of ATP from the cytosol has been shown to have a critical role in fatty acid synthesis since it maintains optimal rates of fatty acid synthesis on isolated plastids (Fuhrmann et al., 1994; Möhlmann et al., 1994; Qi et al., 1994). Besides ATP, fatty acids synthes ...
... Qi et al., 1994). However the uptake of ATP from the cytosol has been shown to have a critical role in fatty acid synthesis since it maintains optimal rates of fatty acid synthesis on isolated plastids (Fuhrmann et al., 1994; Möhlmann et al., 1994; Qi et al., 1994). Besides ATP, fatty acids synthes ...
03 Enzymes2
... Some metabolic processes are regulated by enzymes that exist in different molecular forms - isoenzymes Isoenzymes - multiple forms of an enzyme which differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same reaction Isoenzymes can differ in: kinetics, regulatory properties, the form of coenzyme the ...
... Some metabolic processes are regulated by enzymes that exist in different molecular forms - isoenzymes Isoenzymes - multiple forms of an enzyme which differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same reaction Isoenzymes can differ in: kinetics, regulatory properties, the form of coenzyme the ...
Functions
... Participate in fatty acid metabolism as prosynthetic group of acyl carrier protein Acyl carrier of acylation and oxydation decarboxylation （acyl- CoA：saccharide and lipid oxidation. Synthesis of acetylcholine, cholesterol, glycogen, modulates blood lipid. ...
... Participate in fatty acid metabolism as prosynthetic group of acyl carrier protein Acyl carrier of acylation and oxydation decarboxylation （acyl- CoA：saccharide and lipid oxidation. Synthesis of acetylcholine, cholesterol, glycogen, modulates blood lipid. ...
Translation
... Translation: • decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide(Protein) chain • occurs on a ribosome (OUTSIDE the nucleus) ...
... Translation: • decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide(Protein) chain • occurs on a ribosome (OUTSIDE the nucleus) ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10-12
... Creatine phosphate releases stored energy to convert ADP to ATP Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP Creatine phosphate; ATP and Glycogen; 15 billion thick/fiber; each one 2500 molecules of ATP/second; thous ...
... Creatine phosphate releases stored energy to convert ADP to ATP Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP Creatine phosphate; ATP and Glycogen; 15 billion thick/fiber; each one 2500 molecules of ATP/second; thous ...
2 Organic Acidemias
... Some of these molecules, such as the glutaric acid metabolites, are thought to be excitotoxic to neurons and may affect N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors. ...
... Some of these molecules, such as the glutaric acid metabolites, are thought to be excitotoxic to neurons and may affect N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors. ...
Amino-Form
... When ammonium and nitrates are absorbed by roots or leaves, they are first converted into Glutamic acid, one of the most important Lform amino acids. All the other amino acids are then formed by the reaction of organic molecules with Glutamic acid. A percentage of these amino acids will combine to f ...
... When ammonium and nitrates are absorbed by roots or leaves, they are first converted into Glutamic acid, one of the most important Lform amino acids. All the other amino acids are then formed by the reaction of organic molecules with Glutamic acid. A percentage of these amino acids will combine to f ...
Metabolic modeling of muscle metabolism identifies key reactions
... disease onset and predicting disease development decades later [1,2]. Although IR occurs in many tissues, skeletal muscle is a key tissue, being responsible for over 80% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake ...
... disease onset and predicting disease development decades later [1,2]. Although IR occurs in many tissues, skeletal muscle is a key tissue, being responsible for over 80% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake ...
IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature
... basis, the letters A, G, L, P and T are assigned to alanine, glycine, leucine, proline and threonine respectively. 3.3. The assignment of the other abbreviations is more arbitrary. However, certain clues are helpful. Two are phonetically suggestive, F for phenylalanine, and R for arginine. For trypt ...
... basis, the letters A, G, L, P and T are assigned to alanine, glycine, leucine, proline and threonine respectively. 3.3. The assignment of the other abbreviations is more arbitrary. However, certain clues are helpful. Two are phonetically suggestive, F for phenylalanine, and R for arginine. For trypt ...
Summary of Additional A-level Paper 2 content - A
... (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a polymer of nucleotides linked by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 2-deoxyribose of another nucleotide which results in a sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate polymer chain with bases attached to the sugars in the chain, and that DNA exists ...
... (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a polymer of nucleotides linked by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 2-deoxyribose of another nucleotide which results in a sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate polymer chain with bases attached to the sugars in the chain, and that DNA exists ...
Production of the Novel Lipopeptide Antibiotic Trifluorosurfactin via
... abundance and was not present in supernatants of un-supplemented control cultures. This result suggested that incorporation of the precursor into surfactin had been achieved. When the amount of the amino acid added was doubled to 20 mg this ion was more prominent, suggesting increased production of ...
... abundance and was not present in supernatants of un-supplemented control cultures. This result suggested that incorporation of the precursor into surfactin had been achieved. When the amount of the amino acid added was doubled to 20 mg this ion was more prominent, suggesting increased production of ...
Toluenediamine
... nitrotoluene using 65 wt.% nitric acid in the presence of solid acids was published. The researchers found that due to strong adsorption of water on the catalytic acid sites only materials having a high density of acid sites are suitable catalysts. This requirement is only met by supported liquid ac ...
... nitrotoluene using 65 wt.% nitric acid in the presence of solid acids was published. The researchers found that due to strong adsorption of water on the catalytic acid sites only materials having a high density of acid sites are suitable catalysts. This requirement is only met by supported liquid ac ...
Fermentation - Chemwiki
... is used in Glycolysis it is important that living cells have a way of recycling from . One way that a cell recycles is by reducing oxygen in the electron transport chain. As transfers its electrons to oxygen in the form of a hydride ion it is reduced to which can then be used again in step 6 of Glyc ...
... is used in Glycolysis it is important that living cells have a way of recycling from . One way that a cell recycles is by reducing oxygen in the electron transport chain. As transfers its electrons to oxygen in the form of a hydride ion it is reduced to which can then be used again in step 6 of Glyc ...
Environmental Microbiology Learning Questions
... 5. What are the limitations of fermentation? Fermenting organisms need to release electrons from the oxidative branch of substrate utilization (catabolism) on a redox potential that allows for the reaction. Thus, hydrogen partial pressures play an important role for many types of fermentation. E.g. ...
... 5. What are the limitations of fermentation? Fermenting organisms need to release electrons from the oxidative branch of substrate utilization (catabolism) on a redox potential that allows for the reaction. Thus, hydrogen partial pressures play an important role for many types of fermentation. E.g. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.