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probability
probability

... probability of obtaining at least 8 Heads away from 50 is = 0.1332 level. probability of obtaining at least 9 Heads away from 50 is = 0.0886 probability of obtaining at least 10 Heads away from 50 is = 0.0569 probability of obtaining at least 11 Heads away from 50 is = 0.0352 probability of obtainin ...
A Novel Bayesian Similarity Measure for Recommender Systems
A Novel Bayesian Similarity Measure for Recommender Systems

... 2 j=1 n pj pj+i−1 if 1 < i ≤ n. Observe that the case of distance level d1 only occurs when both ratings in a rating pair are identical, i.e., (lj , lj ). For other distance levels di , 1 < i ≤ n, two combinations (lj , lj+i−1 ) and (lj+i−1 , lj ) could produce the same rating distance at that level ...
Reliable prediction of T-cell epitopes using neural networks with
Reliable prediction of T-cell epitopes using neural networks with

... neural network. In the sparse encoding the neural network is given very precise information about the sequence that corresponds to a given training example. One can say that the network learns a lot about something very specific. The neural network learns that a specific series of amino acids corres ...
Recursion (Ch. 10)
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... 'returns n-th Fibonacci number' if n < 2: # base case return 1 # recursive step return rfib(n-1) + rfib(n-2) ...
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... easily handle them. The storage also presents another problem but searching can be achieved by hashing. The number of rules that are used must be minimised and the set can be produced by expressing each rule in as general a form as possible. The representation of games in this way leads to a state s ...
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Following non-stationary distributions by controlling the

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Cognitive Analytics: A Step Towards Tacit Knowledge?

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A Dynamic Knowledge Base - K

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Mixed Cumulative Distribution Networks

... clique, instead of |XV |. Second, parameters in different cliques are variation independent, since (2) is well-defined if each individual factor is a CDF. Third, this is a general framework that allows not only for binary variables, but continuous, ordinal and unbounded discrete variables as well. F ...
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... • Global input field: Neurons with global input fields sample the entire input area as a single vector. An architecture figure for WWN-3 is shown in Fig. 1. We initialized WWN-3 to use retinal images of total size 38×38, having foregrounds sized roughly 19 × 19 placed on them, with foreground contou ...
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... The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the predictive quality of the optimal Equal Frequency discretization method on real datasets. In our experimental study, we compare the optimal Equal Frequency and optimal Equal Width methods with the MDLPC method [9] and with the standard Equal Frequenc ...
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Research Article Classification of Textual E-Mail Spam

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Large-scale attribute selection using wrappers

... techniques that are able to handle a much larger number of attributes. While performing a search for a good attribute subset, it is necessary to evaluate attributes and sets of attributes. Wrappers are a popular type of evaluator: they calculate a score for a subset by inducing a classifier using on ...
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Experience with Distributed Programming in Orca,

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Quantitatively Evaluating Formula-Variable Relevance by

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Large-scale attribute selection using wrappers

... techniques that are able to handle a much larger number of attributes. While performing a search for a good attribute subset, it is necessary to evaluate attributes and sets of attributes. Wrappers are a popular type of evaluator: they calculate a score for a subset by inducing a classifier using on ...
Introduction to Jess: Rule Based Systems In Java
Introduction to Jess: Rule Based Systems In Java

... • Architecturally inspired by CLIPS • LISP-like syntax. • Basic data structure is the list. • Can be used to script Java API. • Can be used to access JavaBeans. • Easy to learn and use. ...
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One and Done? Optimal Decisions From Very Few

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Practical Applications of Biological Realism in Artificial Neural

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Round Robin Scheduling - A Survey

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Pattern recognition

Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities in data, although it is in some cases considered to be nearly synonymous with machine learning. Pattern recognition systems are in many cases trained from labeled ""training"" data (supervised learning), but when no labeled data are available other algorithms can be used to discover previously unknown patterns (unsupervised learning).The terms pattern recognition, machine learning, data mining and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) are hard to separate, as they largely overlap in their scope. Machine learning is the common term for supervised learning methods and originates from artificial intelligence, whereas KDD and data mining have a larger focus on unsupervised methods and stronger connection to business use. Pattern recognition has its origins in engineering, and the term is popular in the context of computer vision: a leading computer vision conference is named Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. In pattern recognition, there may be a higher interest to formalize, explain and visualize the pattern, while machine learning traditionally focuses on maximizing the recognition rates. Yet, all of these domains have evolved substantially from their roots in artificial intelligence, engineering and statistics, and they've become increasingly similar by integrating developments and ideas from each other.In machine learning, pattern recognition is the assignment of a label to a given input value. In statistics, discriminant analysis was introduced for this same purpose in 1936. An example of pattern recognition is classification, which attempts to assign each input value to one of a given set of classes (for example, determine whether a given email is ""spam"" or ""non-spam""). However, pattern recognition is a more general problem that encompasses other types of output as well. Other examples are regression, which assigns a real-valued output to each input; sequence labeling, which assigns a class to each member of a sequence of values (for example, part of speech tagging, which assigns a part of speech to each word in an input sentence); and parsing, which assigns a parse tree to an input sentence, describing the syntactic structure of the sentence.Pattern recognition algorithms generally aim to provide a reasonable answer for all possible inputs and to perform ""most likely"" matching of the inputs, taking into account their statistical variation. This is opposed to pattern matching algorithms, which look for exact matches in the input with pre-existing patterns. A common example of a pattern-matching algorithm is regular expression matching, which looks for patterns of a given sort in textual data and is included in the search capabilities of many text editors and word processors. In contrast to pattern recognition, pattern matching is generally not considered a type of machine learning, although pattern-matching algorithms (especially with fairly general, carefully tailored patterns) can sometimes succeed in providing similar-quality output of the sort provided by pattern-recognition algorithms.
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