reflectance measurement and modelling of high reflectivity
... Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) is becoming an important component in optoelectronic devices particularly the quarter-wave semiconductor DBR because of its ease of monolithic integration, hence eliminating the requirement for post-growth processing and simplifying the design. The nature of the int ...
... Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) is becoming an important component in optoelectronic devices particularly the quarter-wave semiconductor DBR because of its ease of monolithic integration, hence eliminating the requirement for post-growth processing and simplifying the design. The nature of the int ...
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
... liquid as a function of temperature was also demonstrated by Cesana et al. [2015] for a different set of GCMs. McCoy et al. [2015a] demonstrated that the temperature where ice and liquid were diagnosed to be equally prevalent (T5050) in the GCMs varied by up to 35 K in the 19 models surveyed. Across ...
... liquid as a function of temperature was also demonstrated by Cesana et al. [2015] for a different set of GCMs. McCoy et al. [2015a] demonstrated that the temperature where ice and liquid were diagnosed to be equally prevalent (T5050) in the GCMs varied by up to 35 K in the 19 models surveyed. Across ...
Estimation of the direct radiative forcing due to sulfate and soot
... extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger particles will scatter more radiation into the forward direction and reduce the effect of larger aerosol part ...
... extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger particles will scatter more radiation into the forward direction and reduce the effect of larger aerosol part ...
Total aerosol effect: radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation?
... feedbacks” as part of the forcing. We note that the regression method may be useful for the evaluation of aerosol forcings in atmospheric models, but it also requires a mixed-layer or full ocean model, which not all groups have access to. A modification of the RFP method, in which land-surface tempe ...
... feedbacks” as part of the forcing. We note that the regression method may be useful for the evaluation of aerosol forcings in atmospheric models, but it also requires a mixed-layer or full ocean model, which not all groups have access to. A modification of the RFP method, in which land-surface tempe ...
Radiative forcing of gases, aerosols and, clouds.
... Cloud radiative forcing shows how much clouds modify the net radiation and thus their role in the Earth energy balance. Positive forcing occurs over the regions where clouds act to increase the net energy into the Earth system, while the negative forcing is over the regions where clouds act to dec ...
... Cloud radiative forcing shows how much clouds modify the net radiation and thus their role in the Earth energy balance. Positive forcing occurs over the regions where clouds act to increase the net energy into the Earth system, while the negative forcing is over the regions where clouds act to dec ...
Cirrus cloud radiative characteristics from continuous
... Cirrus clouds, and especially optically thin ice crystal clouds with an optical depth below 0.03 exist globally [1], but are mostly found in the tropical upper troposphere, where the temperature is very low [2]. These sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVC) have been investigated over sever ...
... Cirrus clouds, and especially optically thin ice crystal clouds with an optical depth below 0.03 exist globally [1], but are mostly found in the tropical upper troposphere, where the temperature is very low [2]. These sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVC) have been investigated over sever ...
Potential impacts of aerosol–land–atmosphere interactions on the Indian monsoonal rainfall characteristics
... canopy, the direct beam radiation is intercepted, absorbed, or scattered by leaves at the top of the canopy. The scattered and transmitted irradiance is dispersed as a diffuse component within the canopy, penetrating down to the deeper leaves. Applying this example to the atmosphere, we can develop ...
... canopy, the direct beam radiation is intercepted, absorbed, or scattered by leaves at the top of the canopy. The scattered and transmitted irradiance is dispersed as a diffuse component within the canopy, penetrating down to the deeper leaves. Applying this example to the atmosphere, we can develop ...
Projections of Future Climate Change in the 21st Century
... The model used here is an updated version of the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR/NIES) CGCM used by Emori et al. (1999). From now on, we refer to the updated CGCM as CCSR/NIES2 and to the previous one as CCSR/NIES1. Although most of the dynamical ...
... The model used here is an updated version of the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR/NIES) CGCM used by Emori et al. (1999). From now on, we refer to the updated CGCM as CCSR/NIES2 and to the previous one as CCSR/NIES1. Although most of the dynamical ...
Full-Text PDF
... Eurasia and increases the latent heat flux, enhancing the cloud cover, thus resulting in decreased daily maximum temperatures. This study also found a decrease in the diurnal temperature range over India that was due to an increase in the daily minimum temperature, which resulted from changes in alb ...
... Eurasia and increases the latent heat flux, enhancing the cloud cover, thus resulting in decreased daily maximum temperatures. This study also found a decrease in the diurnal temperature range over India that was due to an increase in the daily minimum temperature, which resulted from changes in alb ...
6. Earth radiation balance under present day conditions Radiation
... Ø Clouds increase planetary albedo by 15 % Ø This reduces absorption of solar radiation by 50 Wm-2 Ø This reduction is partly offset by reduced of outgoing longwave by 25 Wm-2 ...
... Ø Clouds increase planetary albedo by 15 % Ø This reduces absorption of solar radiation by 50 Wm-2 Ø This reduction is partly offset by reduced of outgoing longwave by 25 Wm-2 ...
full text
... often present their results in different terms: Some use the net RF of carbonaceous aerosols, others the RF of BC alone, and still others the net temperature change due to carbonaceous aerosols. Furthermore, the efficacy of BC as a climate warming agent (i.e., the global equilibrium temperature resp ...
... often present their results in different terms: Some use the net RF of carbonaceous aerosols, others the RF of BC alone, and still others the net temperature change due to carbonaceous aerosols. Furthermore, the efficacy of BC as a climate warming agent (i.e., the global equilibrium temperature resp ...
Arctic greening can cause earlier seasonality of Arctic amplification
... prescribed vegetation type. We compare the effect of CO2 doubling with the effect of changes in Arctic vegetation type. In particular, we change shrublands and grasslands poleward of 60°N to boreal forest, which is a potential extreme scenario under doubled CO2 suggested by JSJ11. Even though vegeta ...
... prescribed vegetation type. We compare the effect of CO2 doubling with the effect of changes in Arctic vegetation type. In particular, we change shrublands and grasslands poleward of 60°N to boreal forest, which is a potential extreme scenario under doubled CO2 suggested by JSJ11. Even though vegeta ...
Chapter 13 Thermodynamic Feedbacks in the Climate System
... feedback in the tropics. At higher latitudes, the mid- and uppertroposphere has been simulated in climate models to warm less rapidly than the surface so that the lapse rate increases, and hence d/dT0 > 0. Therefore, the lapse rate variation acts to enhance the water vapor feedback in higher latit ...
... feedback in the tropics. At higher latitudes, the mid- and uppertroposphere has been simulated in climate models to warm less rapidly than the surface so that the lapse rate increases, and hence d/dT0 > 0. Therefore, the lapse rate variation acts to enhance the water vapor feedback in higher latit ...
Radiative Transfer Theory - UCL Department of Geography
... scattering. The iterative method used above for the microwave case is not directly appropriate, but a range of methods exist to solve for multiple scattering. In general terms, we can state that the multiple-scattered component will be high for high LAI and high single scattering albedo. As a multip ...
... scattering. The iterative method used above for the microwave case is not directly appropriate, but a range of methods exist to solve for multiple scattering. In general terms, we can state that the multiple-scattered component will be high for high LAI and high single scattering albedo. As a multip ...
Black Carbon Power Point (L.Marschke)
... incoming radiation (light) that is reflected by a surface Scale from 0 – 1 (0% - 100%) ...
... incoming radiation (light) that is reflected by a surface Scale from 0 – 1 (0% - 100%) ...
Climate feedback efficiency and synergy - MPG.PuRe - Max
... surface albedo, clouds or water vapor in the model radiation calculations to a climatology or states stored from another run. For example, Cess et al. (1991) compared snow feedbacks in an ensemble of atmosphere-only models with prescribed SST and sea ice, finding a vast range of responses ranging fr ...
... surface albedo, clouds or water vapor in the model radiation calculations to a climatology or states stored from another run. For example, Cess et al. (1991) compared snow feedbacks in an ensemble of atmosphere-only models with prescribed SST and sea ice, finding a vast range of responses ranging fr ...
Atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate impacts of alternative
... droplet radius takes its default value (8 µm over land and 14 µm over ocean). Various aspects of this simulation have been previously described in Caballero and Huber (2010) and Caballero and Huber (2013). In the LCTC simulation, CO2 takes its pre-industrial value of 280 ppm while cloud droplet radi ...
... droplet radius takes its default value (8 µm over land and 14 µm over ocean). Various aspects of this simulation have been previously described in Caballero and Huber (2010) and Caballero and Huber (2013). In the LCTC simulation, CO2 takes its pre-industrial value of 280 ppm while cloud droplet radi ...
On geometric optics and surface waves for light scattering by spheres
... which is particularly useful for the calculation of extinction and absorption cross sections for hexagonal ice crystals with size parameters as small as 15. More recently, ‘‘exact’’ equations for the computations of Snell’s refraction angle and Fresnel’s coefficients have been derived [14,15] for la ...
... which is particularly useful for the calculation of extinction and absorption cross sections for hexagonal ice crystals with size parameters as small as 15. More recently, ‘‘exact’’ equations for the computations of Snell’s refraction angle and Fresnel’s coefficients have been derived [14,15] for la ...
Impact of the Expanding Thar Desert
... MASSIMO BOLLASINA AND SUMANT NIGAM Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland (Manuscript received 14 May 2010, in final form 16 November 2010) ...
... MASSIMO BOLLASINA AND SUMANT NIGAM Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland (Manuscript received 14 May 2010, in final form 16 November 2010) ...
P1.6 DIURNAL CYCLES OF THE SURFACE RADIATION BUDGET
... high southern latitudes. The third principal component is skew-symmetric about noon and describes the effects of morning versus afternoon cloudiness. This term accounts for only 0.2% of the power in the SWD diurnal variation. The geographical distribution that corresponds to PC-1 for SWD is EOF-1 an ...
... high southern latitudes. The third principal component is skew-symmetric about noon and describes the effects of morning versus afternoon cloudiness. This term accounts for only 0.2% of the power in the SWD diurnal variation. The geographical distribution that corresponds to PC-1 for SWD is EOF-1 an ...
Bright et al _GCB Invited Review_v4
... the turbulent sensible heat flux; L( E T ) is the turbulent latent heat flux, with L as the latent ...
... the turbulent sensible heat flux; L( E T ) is the turbulent latent heat flux, with L as the latent ...
Effects of Man-Made Air Pollution on the Climate Teruyuki N
... optical properties by Takemura et al. (2001) has been validated by surface measurements of the aerosol optical thickness and single scattering albedo, so that the result is expected to be more accurate than the others. As for the radiative forcing of the indirect effect, Nakajima et al. (2001) obtai ...
... optical properties by Takemura et al. (2001) has been validated by surface measurements of the aerosol optical thickness and single scattering albedo, so that the result is expected to be more accurate than the others. As for the radiative forcing of the indirect effect, Nakajima et al. (2001) obtai ...
Observational evidence for human impact on aerosol cloud
... Unlike the well-known positive radiative forcing caused by increased concentrations of long-lived greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols can have different consequences for the radiation budget. They can either warm or cool the earth/atmosphere system. Hence, the sign of direct aerosol forcing for ...
... Unlike the well-known positive radiative forcing caused by increased concentrations of long-lived greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols can have different consequences for the radiation budget. They can either warm or cool the earth/atmosphere system. Hence, the sign of direct aerosol forcing for ...
4. The response of the climate system to a
... The indirect effects of aerosols include their impact on cloud microphysics (which induces changes in clouds’ radiative properties, their frequency and their lifetimes). In particular, aerosols act as nuclei on which water condenses. A high concentration of aerosols thus leads to clouds that contain ...
... The indirect effects of aerosols include their impact on cloud microphysics (which induces changes in clouds’ radiative properties, their frequency and their lifetimes). In particular, aerosols act as nuclei on which water condenses. A high concentration of aerosols thus leads to clouds that contain ...
Global Climate Change
... recent eruption of the Icelandic volcano. As mentioned in the introduction, the volcanic eruption initially released over 250 million cubic meters of ash. Much of this particulate matter may remain suspended in the atmosphere, forming atmospheric aerosols. Much of the fine particulate matter (partic ...
... recent eruption of the Icelandic volcano. As mentioned in the introduction, the volcanic eruption initially released over 250 million cubic meters of ash. Much of this particulate matter may remain suspended in the atmosphere, forming atmospheric aerosols. Much of the fine particulate matter (partic ...
Albedo
Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo ""whiteness"" (or reflected sunlight) in turn from albus ""white"", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.It is the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it. Its dimensionless nature lets it be expressed as a percentage and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflection of a perfectly black surface to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface.Albedo depends on the frequency of the radiation. When quoted unqualified, it usually refers to some appropriate average across the spectrum of visible light. In general, the albedo depends on the directional distribution of incident radiation, except for Lambertian surfaces, which scatter radiation in all directions according to a cosine function and therefore have an albedo that is independent of the incident distribution. In practice, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) may be required to accurately characterize the scattering properties of a surface, but albedo is very useful as a first approximation.The albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and calculating reflectivity of surfaces in LEED sustainable-rating systems for buildings. The average overall albedo of Earth, its planetary albedo, is 30 to 35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.