Leaf structure and anatomy as related to leaf mass per area
... borders and the protruding veins areas, therefore the sampling points avoided both regions. A part of the lamina beside the mid rib that included minor veins, was drawn, including the contours of each tissue. Then, the whole area and those occupied by each tissue were measured from the drawing using ...
... borders and the protruding veins areas, therefore the sampling points avoided both regions. A part of the lamina beside the mid rib that included minor veins, was drawn, including the contours of each tissue. Then, the whole area and those occupied by each tissue were measured from the drawing using ...
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... new shoots after harvest, which makes it a suitable plant species to use in short rotation forestry (Sirén et al. 1987). Willow plantations are established on agricultural land by planting stem cuttings in rows with a density of about two cuttings per square meter. A willow plantation normally consi ...
... new shoots after harvest, which makes it a suitable plant species to use in short rotation forestry (Sirén et al. 1987). Willow plantations are established on agricultural land by planting stem cuttings in rows with a density of about two cuttings per square meter. A willow plantation normally consi ...
Passive and Active Restoration Strategies to Activate Soil
... a pronounced annual water deficit derived from the Precipitation/Evaporation ratio of 0.63. The landscape consists of hills with a low to medium slope formed from sediments from the Tertiary. The soils are alkaline and classified as Typic Ustorthents (USDA soil taxonomy); the most dominant soil use ...
... a pronounced annual water deficit derived from the Precipitation/Evaporation ratio of 0.63. The landscape consists of hills with a low to medium slope formed from sediments from the Tertiary. The soils are alkaline and classified as Typic Ustorthents (USDA soil taxonomy); the most dominant soil use ...
tropical rainforests
... environments a startling array of plant and animal life can be found. Given the weather it is hardly surprising that few animals remain in the tundra during winter. Some specially adapted animals such as the Musk Ox and the Arctic Fox tough out the impossible winter conditions, while the majority, i ...
... environments a startling array of plant and animal life can be found. Given the weather it is hardly surprising that few animals remain in the tundra during winter. Some specially adapted animals such as the Musk Ox and the Arctic Fox tough out the impossible winter conditions, while the majority, i ...
Pyranometer offsets triggered by ambient meteorology: insights from
... In addition to radiation measurements, standard meteorological observations of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity of air, and wind speed and direction were performed during the campaigns. As our investigations focused mainly on the question of how precipitation events influence the accura ...
... In addition to radiation measurements, standard meteorological observations of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity of air, and wind speed and direction were performed during the campaigns. As our investigations focused mainly on the question of how precipitation events influence the accura ...
Introduction to Landscape Ecology
... Perturbation at one scale may be equilibrium at a larger scale. Notion of natural range of variation and application as a guide for management ...
... Perturbation at one scale may be equilibrium at a larger scale. Notion of natural range of variation and application as a guide for management ...
Insect population dynamics meets ecosystem ecology: effects of
... wound-induced increases in foliar phenolics (Findlay et al., 1996), root mortality (Ruess et al., 1998) and community-wide changes in the relative abundance of plant species or genotypes that vary in their litter quality (Pastor et al., 1993; Kielland et al., 1997; Uriarte, 2000). Fifth, herbivore-m ...
... wound-induced increases in foliar phenolics (Findlay et al., 1996), root mortality (Ruess et al., 1998) and community-wide changes in the relative abundance of plant species or genotypes that vary in their litter quality (Pastor et al., 1993; Kielland et al., 1997; Uriarte, 2000). Fifth, herbivore-m ...
PDF - McGill University
... sites in the Marianne and the canopy remained undisturbed throughout the sampling period. These reference sites are used to place temporal changes at the disturbed site in the context of (1) differences between sites with an extreme contrast in canopy cover, and (2) changes through time at sites wit ...
... sites in the Marianne and the canopy remained undisturbed throughout the sampling period. These reference sites are used to place temporal changes at the disturbed site in the context of (1) differences between sites with an extreme contrast in canopy cover, and (2) changes through time at sites wit ...
Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population
... When hatching rates are compared between groups of embryos exposed to ambient UV-B radiation with those shielded from UV-B in field experiments, the embryos of many species displayed greater hatching rates in shielded regimes (reviewed recently in Blaustein et al., 1998, Blaustein et al., 2001; Tabl ...
... When hatching rates are compared between groups of embryos exposed to ambient UV-B radiation with those shielded from UV-B in field experiments, the embryos of many species displayed greater hatching rates in shielded regimes (reviewed recently in Blaustein et al., 1998, Blaustein et al., 2001; Tabl ...
2. Modeling the Influence of Forest Structure on Microsite Habitat
... Copyright © 2013 A. K. Fuller and D. J. Harrison. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) is ...
... Copyright © 2013 A. K. Fuller and D. J. Harrison. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) is ...
I. ECOLOGY ECOLOGY - definition ECOLOGY
... • Two approaches: Analytical parts elements classification structure quantity ...
... • Two approaches: Analytical parts elements classification structure quantity ...
Link - University of Minnesota Duluth
... to be the case with some of the most devastating alien invaders, which threaten to functionally extirpate their host plants. For example, there is experimental evidence that North American hosts naı̈ve to the alien insect are more susceptible than are their coevolved congeners in the case of balsam ...
... to be the case with some of the most devastating alien invaders, which threaten to functionally extirpate their host plants. For example, there is experimental evidence that North American hosts naı̈ve to the alien insect are more susceptible than are their coevolved congeners in the case of balsam ...
Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and
... species that prey on other members of the clade. The implications of this finding are twofold: first, the more a clade radiates, the more it may provide resources leading to additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adap ...
... species that prey on other members of the clade. The implications of this finding are twofold: first, the more a clade radiates, the more it may provide resources leading to additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adap ...
Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary
... species that prey on other members of the clade. The implications of this finding are twofold: first, the more a clade radiates, the more it may provide resources leading to additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adap ...
... species that prey on other members of the clade. The implications of this finding are twofold: first, the more a clade radiates, the more it may provide resources leading to additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adap ...
Adaptive Radiation, Ecological Opportunity, and Evolutionary
... species that prey on other members of the clade. The implications of this finding are twofold: first, the more a clade radiates, the more it may provide resources leading to additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adap ...
... species that prey on other members of the clade. The implications of this finding are twofold: first, the more a clade radiates, the more it may provide resources leading to additional divergence; and second, predatory interactions, as well as competitive ones, may occur among species within an adap ...
Resistance to wildfire and early regeneration in natural broadleaved
... mortality and sapling persistence. Understory fire resistance was similar between forests: fire severity at the surface level was moderate to low, and sapling persistence was low. At the canopy level, fire severity was generally low in broadleaved forest but heterogeneous in pine forest, and mean tree ...
... mortality and sapling persistence. Understory fire resistance was similar between forests: fire severity at the surface level was moderate to low, and sapling persistence was low. At the canopy level, fire severity was generally low in broadleaved forest but heterogeneous in pine forest, and mean tree ...
Field Methods in Landscape Analysis Geography 486
... inequalities thus exist with respect to the spatial distribution of plant types and species. Assemblages of dominant species in a local or regional area can be considered as a vegetation association or the core elements of a particular ecosystem to be distinguished from other vegetation associations ...
... inequalities thus exist with respect to the spatial distribution of plant types and species. Assemblages of dominant species in a local or regional area can be considered as a vegetation association or the core elements of a particular ecosystem to be distinguished from other vegetation associations ...
Living in a landscape of fear: the impact of predation, resource
... required that exclusively reflect perceived predation risk and distinguish between predator-specific predation risks in determining prey behaviour. In a novel approach, Willems and Hill (2009) showed that predator-specific landscapes of fear could be constructed on the basis of vervet monkey, Chloroceb ...
... required that exclusively reflect perceived predation risk and distinguish between predator-specific predation risks in determining prey behaviour. In a novel approach, Willems and Hill (2009) showed that predator-specific landscapes of fear could be constructed on the basis of vervet monkey, Chloroceb ...
Improving broad scale forage mapping and habitat selection
... Abstract. Determining the spatial distribution of large herbivores is a key challenge in ecology and management. However, our ability to accurately predict this is often hampered by inadequate data on available forage and structural cover. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) can give direct and detailed m ...
... Abstract. Determining the spatial distribution of large herbivores is a key challenge in ecology and management. However, our ability to accurately predict this is often hampered by inadequate data on available forage and structural cover. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) can give direct and detailed m ...
Mechanisms of UV radiation tolerance displayed
... organisms. Longer wavelength UV-A radiation (320-400 nm) readily passes through ozone and can produce either positive or negative effects on an organism. Stream systems additionally may have a canopy cover that intercepts a portion of the incoming UVR. While this second layer is not generally impor ...
... organisms. Longer wavelength UV-A radiation (320-400 nm) readily passes through ozone and can produce either positive or negative effects on an organism. Stream systems additionally may have a canopy cover that intercepts a portion of the incoming UVR. While this second layer is not generally impor ...
-portal.org Ecology and Evolution
... from the middle of the trap station. In V€asterbotten (study area I), we also obtained quaternary deposits geology data on the landscape scale from the Swedish Geological Survey (Stendahl et al. 2009). For our purpose, we defined stone fields as both open and forested areas with pronounced amount of ...
... from the middle of the trap station. In V€asterbotten (study area I), we also obtained quaternary deposits geology data on the landscape scale from the Swedish Geological Survey (Stendahl et al. 2009). For our purpose, we defined stone fields as both open and forested areas with pronounced amount of ...
Introduction to Landscape Ecology
... Perturbation at one scale may be equilibrium at a larger scale. Notion of natural range of variation and application as a guide for management ...
... Perturbation at one scale may be equilibrium at a larger scale. Notion of natural range of variation and application as a guide for management ...
406-01 Ecology Lecture
... you have more than 3 unexcused absences in lecture you will not receive any points, therefore your final grade will drop by 5%. Six or more absences in lecture may result in failure in the course. EACH unexcused absence in lab will result in a letter reduction in your final grade. You will not be ...
... you have more than 3 unexcused absences in lecture you will not receive any points, therefore your final grade will drop by 5%. Six or more absences in lecture may result in failure in the course. EACH unexcused absence in lab will result in a letter reduction in your final grade. You will not be ...
- Wiley Online Library
... support and hydraulic transport (Pratt et al. 2007; Chave et al. 2009). Here we investigate how root structural traits coordinate with leaf and stem traits in Amazonian forests that harbour the world’s highest species diversity (Groombridge & Jenkins 2002). Amazonian diversification has largely been ...
... support and hydraulic transport (Pratt et al. 2007; Chave et al. 2009). Here we investigate how root structural traits coordinate with leaf and stem traits in Amazonian forests that harbour the world’s highest species diversity (Groombridge & Jenkins 2002). Amazonian diversification has largely been ...
Hemispherical photography
Hemispherical photography, also known as fisheye or canopy photography, is a technique to estimate solar radiation and characterize plant canopy geometry using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide-angle lens (Rich 1990). Typically, the viewing angle approaches or equals 180-degrees, such that all sky directions are simultaneously visible. The resulting photographs record the geometry of visible sky, or conversely the geometry of sky obstruction by plant canopies or other near-ground features. This geometry can be measured precisely and used to calculate solar radiation transmitted through (or intercepted by) plant canopies, as well as to estimate aspects of canopy structure such as leaf area index. Detailed treatments of field and analytical methodology have been provided by Paul Rich (1989, 1990) and Robert Pearcy (1989).