Review Article Infectious diseases and autoimmunity
... increasing the function of APC, pathogens act as adjuvants for the immune response, while at the same time providing an antigen source to drive T-cell and B-cell activation. In this highly inflammatory environment, it is easy to envision how an aberrant destructive immune response can be triggered a ...
... increasing the function of APC, pathogens act as adjuvants for the immune response, while at the same time providing an antigen source to drive T-cell and B-cell activation. In this highly inflammatory environment, it is easy to envision how an aberrant destructive immune response can be triggered a ...
The sixth sense: hematopoietic stem cells detect danger through
... recent reports unveiling a previously unsuspected ability of HSCs to integrate inflammatory signals released by immune and stromal cells, with particular emphasis on the dual role of extracellular nucleotides as mediators of both immunologic responses and BM stem cell functions. (Blood. 2012;120(12) ...
... recent reports unveiling a previously unsuspected ability of HSCs to integrate inflammatory signals released by immune and stromal cells, with particular emphasis on the dual role of extracellular nucleotides as mediators of both immunologic responses and BM stem cell functions. (Blood. 2012;120(12) ...
Interactions of Host`s Innate and Adaptive Immune Components in
... differentiation [11,12]. Therefore, IL-6 produced during innate response may play important role in balancing Th17 and Treg cells which is essential in the development of balanced immune response. This review will provide valuable insight in to the interactions of host’s innate and adaptive immune c ...
... differentiation [11,12]. Therefore, IL-6 produced during innate response may play important role in balancing Th17 and Treg cells which is essential in the development of balanced immune response. This review will provide valuable insight in to the interactions of host’s innate and adaptive immune c ...
Immunesystem - Child Early Intervention Medical Center
... There is a race between each of us and the organisms around us – we want to eliminate foreign organisms (pathogens) without damaging ourselves while the microbes try to hang around as long as possible and reproduce themselves. ...
... There is a race between each of us and the organisms around us – we want to eliminate foreign organisms (pathogens) without damaging ourselves while the microbes try to hang around as long as possible and reproduce themselves. ...
Inflammatory Micro-Environmental Cues of
... both innate and adaptive immune effectors play a role [1]. The canonical paradigm postulates that metabolic disturbances elicit a chronic, pathogenic inflammatory process in the intima of atherosclerotic arteries. From a mechanistic point of view, intimal inflammation does not provide a completely s ...
... both innate and adaptive immune effectors play a role [1]. The canonical paradigm postulates that metabolic disturbances elicit a chronic, pathogenic inflammatory process in the intima of atherosclerotic arteries. From a mechanistic point of view, intimal inflammation does not provide a completely s ...
7th seminar 2013 Complement system
... No expression of the complement regulatory proteins CD59 and DAF on these RBCs episodes of complement-mediated RBCs lysis hemolytic anemia Symptoms include: ...
... No expression of the complement regulatory proteins CD59 and DAF on these RBCs episodes of complement-mediated RBCs lysis hemolytic anemia Symptoms include: ...
Dectin 1
... • CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 (CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are exclusively called "Tregs") ...
... • CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 (CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are exclusively called "Tregs") ...
video slide
... Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All Antigens • Helper T cells produce CD4, a surface protein – That enhances their binding to class II MHC molecule–antigen complexes on antigenpresenting cells ...
... Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All Antigens • Helper T cells produce CD4, a surface protein – That enhances their binding to class II MHC molecule–antigen complexes on antigenpresenting cells ...
Leonie Hussaarts Department of Parasitology, Leiden
... increased IL-4 and decreased IFN-γ levels. We next investigated whether antigens from helminth parasites, the strongest natural inducers of Th2 responses, affect the mTOR pathway. To this end, we used Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and omega-1, which is a single molecule recently iden ...
... increased IL-4 and decreased IFN-γ levels. We next investigated whether antigens from helminth parasites, the strongest natural inducers of Th2 responses, affect the mTOR pathway. To this end, we used Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and omega-1, which is a single molecule recently iden ...
Immunology Overview
... and specific granules (complement receptors, adhesion molecules). These sentinel cells phagocytose professionally. Macrophages live for weeks/months, are active in chronic inflammation, present antigen, release cytokines, and use radical oxygen and NO to kill. Immature macrophages are called monocyt ...
... and specific granules (complement receptors, adhesion molecules). These sentinel cells phagocytose professionally. Macrophages live for weeks/months, are active in chronic inflammation, present antigen, release cytokines, and use radical oxygen and NO to kill. Immature macrophages are called monocyt ...
Regulation of the Germinal Center Dynamics Modelling Two
... and death) is proportional to the number of B cells interacting with undifferentiated FDCs and/or T cells, which is proportional to B(1 ⫺ F), where F is the fraction of differentiated cells present in the GC (Equation 1a); in the second case (model B), the effective proliferation term is proportiona ...
... and death) is proportional to the number of B cells interacting with undifferentiated FDCs and/or T cells, which is proportional to B(1 ⫺ F), where F is the fraction of differentiated cells present in the GC (Equation 1a); in the second case (model B), the effective proliferation term is proportiona ...
9 Innate and acquired immunity
... when a chemotactic factor is produced, as the result of infection or injury. Eosinophils. Eosinophils are also phagocytic cells, although they appear to be less efficient than neutrophils. They are present in low numbers in a healthy individual (1–2% of leucocytes), but their numbers rise in certain ...
... when a chemotactic factor is produced, as the result of infection or injury. Eosinophils. Eosinophils are also phagocytic cells, although they appear to be less efficient than neutrophils. They are present in low numbers in a healthy individual (1–2% of leucocytes), but their numbers rise in certain ...
The Interferons
... Detection of cytokine mRNA and cytokine receptor mRNA allowed identification of the full range of sources and target cells of individual cytokines Hybridoma technology facilitated development of immunoassays capable of detecting and quantifying cytokines Inhibition of cytokine activity in vivo ...
... Detection of cytokine mRNA and cytokine receptor mRNA allowed identification of the full range of sources and target cells of individual cytokines Hybridoma technology facilitated development of immunoassays capable of detecting and quantifying cytokines Inhibition of cytokine activity in vivo ...
AUTOSENSITIZATION IN VITRO* BY IRUN R. COHEN, MD, AMIELA
... antigens, or exposed "inaccessible" or "embryonic" antigens which are not available on fibroblasts found in the intact animal. If this were the case, lymphocytes sensitized against syngeneic fibroblasts in cell culture might not be able to recognize and interact with unmodified self-antigens. I t wa ...
... antigens, or exposed "inaccessible" or "embryonic" antigens which are not available on fibroblasts found in the intact animal. If this were the case, lymphocytes sensitized against syngeneic fibroblasts in cell culture might not be able to recognize and interact with unmodified self-antigens. I t wa ...
immune system
... (innate) response. This response is rapid, short-lived and generic, and it lacks any memory of previous infections. Through pattern recognition receptors, cells involved in the innate response can recognise pathogens like bacteria and viruses but can’t distinguish between, say, the viruses that caus ...
... (innate) response. This response is rapid, short-lived and generic, and it lacks any memory of previous infections. Through pattern recognition receptors, cells involved in the innate response can recognise pathogens like bacteria and viruses but can’t distinguish between, say, the viruses that caus ...
The properties and functions of effector T cells
... changes are induced in some adhesion molecules that ensures a long-lived interaction between the T cell and the target cell. The migration of effector T cells from the circulation to peripheral sites of infection is largely independent of antigen, ensuring that the maximum possible number of previou ...
... changes are induced in some adhesion molecules that ensures a long-lived interaction between the T cell and the target cell. The migration of effector T cells from the circulation to peripheral sites of infection is largely independent of antigen, ensuring that the maximum possible number of previou ...
Mature Dendritic Cells Derived from Human Monocytes
... to migrate to the T cell areas of draining secondary lymphoid organs, where they encounter naive T cells and initiate an adaptive immune response (7, 8). Human DCs originating from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells can be divided into at least three subpopulations: interstitial DCs residing in the ...
... to migrate to the T cell areas of draining secondary lymphoid organs, where they encounter naive T cells and initiate an adaptive immune response (7, 8). Human DCs originating from pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells can be divided into at least three subpopulations: interstitial DCs residing in the ...
Human perinatal immunity in physiological conditions and during
... impaired TLR activation at birth enhances neonatal vulnerability to infections. The neonatal TLR system undergoes rapid and differential development during the first month of life. Whereas the ability to produce Th1-type cytokines in response to agonists for TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 rapidly increases to ...
... impaired TLR activation at birth enhances neonatal vulnerability to infections. The neonatal TLR system undergoes rapid and differential development during the first month of life. Whereas the ability to produce Th1-type cytokines in response to agonists for TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 rapidly increases to ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.