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Molecular Structures
Molecular Structures

... Some proteins require so-called chaperones in order to fold properly… ...
Gene Section BIRC3 (baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section BIRC3 (baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... Baens M, Maes B, Steyls A, Geboes K, Marynen P, De WolfPeeters C. The product of the t(11;18), an API2-MLT fusion, marks nearly half of gastric MALT type lymphomas without large cell proliferation. Am J Pathol. 2000 Apr;156(4):1433-9 ...
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... Professor Epel and his group have pioneered in the molecular and functional characterization of plasmodesmata (Pd), transwall membranous tunnels that regulate the intercellular trafficking of regulatory macromolecules. The Epel lab has developed techniques for isolation of Pd and for the identificat ...
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ch 19 gene expression in eukaryotes

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Café DNA - www .alexandria .k12 .mn .us
Café DNA - www .alexandria .k12 .mn .us

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I. Mutations: primary tools of genetic analysis

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understanding bacterial iron transport

... Fax : (44) 18 65 27 51 82 E-mail : [email protected] / [email protected] We present preliminary results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a nanosecond timescale in a fully solvated lipid bilayer to probe the mechanism of the FepA bacterial iron transporter protein. Gram negative bacteria t ...
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Chapter 3 AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS 中央研究院
Chapter 3 AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS 中央研究院

... In some case, two sequence segments are connected by less related sequences of different lengths - cannot be aligned at the same time – introduce gap (penalties: negative score) When amino acid substitutions are found within a protein family, many of the differences may be conservative - that is, an ...
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Types of Genetic Mutations

... cases, the mutation may enable the mutant organism to withstand particular environmental stresses better than wild-type organisms, or reproduce more quickly. In these cases a mutation will tend to become more common in a population through natural selection. For example, a specific 32 base pair dele ...
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... CA) using the manufacturer’s guidelines. Briefly, the cell pellets were thawed and resuspended in lysis buffer containing 1 X BugBuster Protein Extraction Reagent (Novagen EMD Chemicals, Inc. CA), Lysonase™ Bioprocessing Reagent (Novagen EMD Chemicals, Inc. CA), 1 X phosphatebuffered saline, and 10 ...
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Unit 5 practice FRQ #3 for final - KEY 3. 2009 AP Bio FRQ # 4 The

... Alternative splicing ............... editing in different ways to get new/different RNA/polypeptides mRNA degradation ................ targets RNA for destruction (miRNA or siRNA) Protein processing ................. polypeptide → _protein modifications (folding, chaperonins, cleavage, etc.) Protein ...
A Story About Cakes
A Story About Cakes

... 3. To make sure the recipe isn’t lost or tampered with, he photocopies it to go to the kitchen ...
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Protein moonlighting



Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
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