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... Why are enzymes needed to produce slimming products? important? Carbohydrases are needed to turn starch into glucose. Neutralises the stomach acid and makes chyme slightly alkali Isomerase is needed to turn glucose into fructose. As providing the optimum conditions for the small intestine enzymes to ...
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6 per page - University of San Diego Home Pages
6 per page - University of San Diego Home Pages

... III. Receptors with integral enzymatic activity –  1st messenger binding activates an enzyme activity in the receptor itself leads to new proteins interacting with intracellular portion and a new second messenger molecule. ...
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cheng_nn_bioinfo - University of Missouri
cheng_nn_bioinfo - University of Missouri

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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

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Untitled
Untitled

... that target to a particular compartment are generally not identical, there are chemical characteristics of particular classes of signal sequence. For example, ER signal sequences tend to include a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids, while nuclear signal sequences tend to have stretches of positively ...
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Protein moonlighting



Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
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