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a cells- secrete glucagon
a cells- secrete glucagon

... Glucose is transported into the b cell by facilitated diffusion through a glucose transporter; elevated concentrations of glucose in extracellular fluid lead to elevated concentrations of glucose within the b cell. Elevated concentrations of glucose within the b cell ultimately leads to membrane dep ...
When muscular work starts, the adrenal medulla secretes a
When muscular work starts, the adrenal medulla secretes a

... fasting, the liver is actually a major supplier of glucose for the blood. Because the brain depends on glucose for energy the above reaction in the liver also help maintain this supply. The -cells of pancreas releases another polypeptide hormone called insulin that lowers the blood sugar level. Its ...
Murine model of obesity-induced type II diabetes by
Murine model of obesity-induced type II diabetes by

... liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and insulin resistance. Insulin signaling in young GADD34-deficient mice was higher than that in WT mice. This finding explain two pathways to become type II diabetes by aging. One is that insulin induces fat differentiation. Another is that the insulin act ...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis

... Dr. Fathi El Sewi ...
digestive ppt
digestive ppt

... insulin, the blood sugar level rises above normal levels, a condition called hyperglycemia. This leads to the excretion of glucose in the urine, which draws with it a large amount of water which leads to excessive thirst. Without insulin, the body cannot metabolize glucose, and the primary source of ...
Supplementary Data - American Diabetes Association
Supplementary Data - American Diabetes Association

... (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) for plasma glucose, Human Insulin EIA kit (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) for plasma insulin, Human Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) EIA kit (Peninsula, San Carlos, CA) for plasma CRH and Cortisol EIA kit (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI) for plasma cortisol. Homeostasis model assessme ...
The Endocrine Pancreas
The Endocrine Pancreas

... Insulin is a small protein, with a molecular weight of about 6000 Daltons. It is composed of two chains held together by disulfide bonds. The amino acid sequence is highly conserved among vertebrates, and insulin from one mammal almost certainly is biologically active in another. Even today, many di ...
Endocrine Vivas
Endocrine Vivas

... - They convert the β-HB => acetoacetate => acetoacetyl-CoA => acetyl-CoA for ulilisation - The acetone is formed from the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate cannot be converted back to acetyl-CoA and is excreted in urine and the lungs In which clinical situations do they accumulate in the b ...
path 1130 to 1146 [9-19
path 1130 to 1146 [9-19

... o C-peptide levels serve as surrogate for β cell function, decreasing with loss of β-cell mass in type 1 diabetes or increasing with insulin resistance-associated hyperinsulinemia  Most important stimulus for insulin synthesis and release is glucose; rise in blood glucose levels results in glucose ...
Sources of blood glucose
Sources of blood glucose

... blood due to glycogen breakdown & gluconeogenesis ↑Triglyceride synthesis ↑Ketones released ...
2-Diabetes-and-Injectable-Medications-MPA
2-Diabetes-and-Injectable-Medications-MPA

... type 2 diabetes: a 1-year, randomized, treat-to-target trial (BEGIN Once Long). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):246471. Heller S, Buse J, Fisher M, et al. Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basalbolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes ( ...
Intermediary Metabolism Intermediary Metabolism
Intermediary Metabolism Intermediary Metabolism

... protein synthesis glucose uptake glycogen synthesis ...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Review Questions
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Review Questions

... that the patient has been extremely hyperglycemic for some time. Based on current guidelines, patients with diabetes who are naive to therapy with an HbA1c level greater than 10% should be started primarily on insulin therapy.5 The most effective means of treating hyperglycemia in an insulin-deficie ...
CBT 450 Diabetic Emergencies
CBT 450 Diabetic Emergencies

... insulin — A hormone produced by the pancreas that enables sugar in the blood to enter the cells of the body; it is used in synthetic form to treat and control diabetes. ketoacidosis — A condition resulting from metabolism of fatty acids. kussmaul respirations — Deep, rapid breathing; usually the res ...
Insulin ,Glucagon, and Diabetes mellitus
Insulin ,Glucagon, and Diabetes mellitus

... glycogen storage in the liver and muscles . Although all the excess carbohydrate that cannot be stored as glycogen are converted under the stimulus of insulin into fats and stored in the adipose tissue .  Increased ingested proteins , increases insulin secretion to enhance amino acid uptake by cell ...
1-2 (Weigent)
1-2 (Weigent)

... carboxylase to malonyl CoA. Malonyl CoA is then converted to long chain fatty acids (in the liver, aka liver ketogenesis or Carnitine shuffle). The long chain fatty acids are then converted to triglycerides from which you will then get LDL’s which now are secreted in the blood and transported to the ...
Insulin Therapy - Patient Education Center
Insulin Therapy - Patient Education Center

... inject it. In general, it is absorbed fastest through the abdomen, slowest through the thigh and buttocks, and at an intermediate rate through the arm. Areas with more fat tend to absorb insulin more slowly. You don’t need to clean your skin with alcohol before injecting insulin unless the skin is d ...
An Electricians Guide to Diabetic Emergencies
An Electricians Guide to Diabetic Emergencies

... • Insulin is a hormone that interlocks with insulin receptors in the cell walls. Each molecule of insulin fits perfectly with a receptor. • The connection enables glucose to be carried from the blood stream into the cell for energy production. ...
Diabetes Mellitus is defined as condition that occurs due to absence
Diabetes Mellitus is defined as condition that occurs due to absence

... Occasionally, glycosuria may be a normal finding, such as after eating a heavy meal or during times of emotional stress. Some individuals have a benign condition in which they have a lower than usual renal threshold for glucose, but have normal blood glucose levels. In pregnancy, the renal threshold ...
Pathophysiology of obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2
Pathophysiology of obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2

... within a very narrow range by the pancreatic insulin secretory response to fluxes of macronutrients produced by daily meals. Despite these fluctuations, fasting glycemia is homeostatically controlled, i.e., glucose always returns to the initial level after each meal. We have recently coined the expr ...
How does the body control glucose in the blood?
How does the body control glucose in the blood?

... where it is stored as GLYCOGEN. At times when extra fuel is needed, such as exercise, the glycogen is turned back to glucose and returned to the blood stream to continue the journey to the brain and muscles. ...
Management of diabetes mellitus in terminally ill cancer patients
Management of diabetes mellitus in terminally ill cancer patients

... — increased glucose recycling; — reduced glucose utilization by the skeletal muscles; — reduced skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis. One important difference, however, is that in cancer there is a lack of hyperinsulinism [2]. The mechanism of cancer-related glucose intolerance is poorly understood, a ...
A Survey of Commercial Product Development
A Survey of Commercial Product Development

... Research Institute testing Roche Diabetes Care's Accu-Chek® DiaPort system. The Accu-Chek DiaPort is a percutaneous port system, connected with an external pump, that delivers insulin directly to the liver, the primary site of insulin action.... ...
Management of Type II Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Management of Type II Diabetes in Children and Adolescents

... 2-h PG ≧ 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the World Health Organization, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75-g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia with acute metabolic decompensation, th ...
Current Strategies for Post-prandial Glucose Control - Power
Current Strategies for Post-prandial Glucose Control - Power

...  Discuss basic characteristics of currently available post-prandial medications including mechanism of action, administration, common adverse effects, advantages, and disadvantages.  Design an evidence-based medication regimen for a patient with post-prandial hyperglycemia. Post-test Rationale 1. ...
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Insulin

Insulin (from the Latin, insula meaning island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy. Insulin also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver.Except in the presence of the metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, insulin is provided within the body in a constant proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood, which otherwise would be toxic. When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the body begins to use stored glucose as an energy source through glycogenolysis, which breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose, which can then be utilized as an energy source. As a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus can result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant and, because of such resistance, may suffer from a ""relative"" insulin deficiency. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if dietary modifications or other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately. Over 40% of those with Type 2 diabetes require insulin as part of their diabetes management plan.Insulin is a very old protein that may have originated more than a billion years ago. The molecular origins of insulin go at least as far back as the simplest unicellular eukaryotes. Apart from animals, insulin-like proteins are also known to exist in Fungi and Protista kingdoms. The human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids, and has a molecular mass of 5808 Da. It is a dimer of an A-chain and a B-chain, which are linked together by disulfide bonds. Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in ""strength"" (in carbohydrate metabolism control effects) from that in humans because of those variations. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version.The crystal structure of insulin in the solid state was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin; she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
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