ppt檔案 - 國立臺南大學
... If we find evidence that seems to “falsify” our hypothesis”, we should take this into account. Evidence that seems to verify our presumption should be taken as supporting it. As with the rule of law, some ethical presumptions may be stronger than others. ...
... If we find evidence that seems to “falsify” our hypothesis”, we should take this into account. Evidence that seems to verify our presumption should be taken as supporting it. As with the rule of law, some ethical presumptions may be stronger than others. ...
Global Business Today, 5e
... • One theory of justice was set forth by John Rawls who argued that all economic goods and services should be distributed equally except when an unequal distribution would work to everyone’s advantage • Impartiality is guaranteed by the veil of ignorance (everyone is imagined to be ignorant of all h ...
... • One theory of justice was set forth by John Rawls who argued that all economic goods and services should be distributed equally except when an unequal distribution would work to everyone’s advantage • Impartiality is guaranteed by the veil of ignorance (everyone is imagined to be ignorant of all h ...
virtue ethics newest version
... • Virtues cannot be separated from ends and consequences. You can be a courageous Nazi, or a loyal Nazi, but if the end is evil then the virtue itself becomes evil. ...
... • Virtues cannot be separated from ends and consequences. You can be a courageous Nazi, or a loyal Nazi, but if the end is evil then the virtue itself becomes evil. ...
Ethics and social responsibility
... Displays an individual’s understanding of culturally defined moral codes as they apply to and maintain a particular social ...
... Displays an individual’s understanding of culturally defined moral codes as they apply to and maintain a particular social ...
Ethics
... However, when this ethical dilemma is analyzed under a consequential philosophy such as utilitarianism, we discover that a consequential philosophy would in actuality determine this dilemma ethical. The decision is actually based on a deontological ethic. ...
... However, when this ethical dilemma is analyzed under a consequential philosophy such as utilitarianism, we discover that a consequential philosophy would in actuality determine this dilemma ethical. The decision is actually based on a deontological ethic. ...
The Beautiful Soul and the Autocratic Agent: Schilleris
... In “On Grace and Dignity,” Schiller insists that he is in “perfect agreement” with the basics or fundamentals of Kant’s ethics (169; 205). What he finds problematic is the manner in which Kant presents his rationalist moral theory. While Schiller offers little analysis of the Kantian doctrines with ...
... In “On Grace and Dignity,” Schiller insists that he is in “perfect agreement” with the basics or fundamentals of Kant’s ethics (169; 205). What he finds problematic is the manner in which Kant presents his rationalist moral theory. While Schiller offers little analysis of the Kantian doctrines with ...
CHAPTER 1 - WHAT IS MORALITY
... 3. Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish. 4. Which religion would be best ethically? 5. How could it be shown that one religion is best? Therefore, no necessary connection between ethics and religion. Why should human beings be moral? Why should human beings do what is right? 1. ...
... 3. Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish. 4. Which religion would be best ethically? 5. How could it be shown that one religion is best? Therefore, no necessary connection between ethics and religion. Why should human beings be moral? Why should human beings do what is right? 1. ...
Chapter 1: Welcome to Ethics
... The belief that because ethical beliefs vary so widely, there can be no universal ethical principles that apply to everyone. ...
... The belief that because ethical beliefs vary so widely, there can be no universal ethical principles that apply to everyone. ...
Relativism—Descriptive and Normative
... Descriptive relativism is a theory in anthropology, not ethics. It is not a theory in ethics because it is not an evaluative or normative view. It does not say, nor does it imply, anything about how anyone ought to behave. Ethical (or normative) relativism says three things: 1. Each of us ought to f ...
... Descriptive relativism is a theory in anthropology, not ethics. It is not a theory in ethics because it is not an evaluative or normative view. It does not say, nor does it imply, anything about how anyone ought to behave. Ethical (or normative) relativism says three things: 1. Each of us ought to f ...
Crafting & Executing Strategy 18e
... principles in general because business actions have to be judged in the context of society’s standards of right and wrong. ...
... principles in general because business actions have to be judged in the context of society’s standards of right and wrong. ...
Phillips 66 California Transparency in Supply Chains Act Disclosure
... where employees and contractors can reveal any concerns of possible ethics violations, including slavery and human trafficking, anonymously if they feel the need. Every submission is reviewed. Contractors must abide by the ethical standards in the Code of Ethics, too. Phillips 66 will exercise our c ...
... where employees and contractors can reveal any concerns of possible ethics violations, including slavery and human trafficking, anonymously if they feel the need. Every submission is reviewed. Contractors must abide by the ethical standards in the Code of Ethics, too. Phillips 66 will exercise our c ...
The Moral Theories of Kant and Hume
... same in every rational being is the foundation of what is deemed to be a perfect form of moral community. The ground of self-esteem in critical morality, however, not only does not oppose one to others but affirms something which, Kant holds, is identically realized in all rational beings. In contra ...
... same in every rational being is the foundation of what is deemed to be a perfect form of moral community. The ground of self-esteem in critical morality, however, not only does not oppose one to others but affirms something which, Kant holds, is identically realized in all rational beings. In contra ...
on the ambiguity of international law
... proceed to show, a theory of international law forms a bottleneck of their theories. In the face of international law’s radical ambiguities, normative theories are put to the utmost test of consistency. At stake is the tenability of the idealism that connects these thinkers, even though it is very d ...
... proceed to show, a theory of international law forms a bottleneck of their theories. In the face of international law’s radical ambiguities, normative theories are put to the utmost test of consistency. At stake is the tenability of the idealism that connects these thinkers, even though it is very d ...
Ethical Pluralism and Relativism
... exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.’ ‘The only part of conduct of anyone for which he is amenable to society is that which concerns others.’ ‘In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute.’ ...
... exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.’ ‘The only part of conduct of anyone for which he is amenable to society is that which concerns others.’ ‘In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute.’ ...
16. Ethics
... • Duty: (Kant) the goodness of the motives determine the rightness of the action – Each individual has the same moral worth, regardless of wealth, intelligence, or circumstance – Each principle is universally binding, without exception, for all human beings – Categorical Imperative: Act only accordi ...
... • Duty: (Kant) the goodness of the motives determine the rightness of the action – Each individual has the same moral worth, regardless of wealth, intelligence, or circumstance – Each principle is universally binding, without exception, for all human beings – Categorical Imperative: Act only accordi ...
Minimal Ethics
... with it – and are even the only ones who have the legitimate right to do so. This clearly antipaternalistic argument means excluding any reflection on human dignity that authorises serious (or not) restrictions on personal freedom. This does not, however, mean that one should renounce any moral eval ...
... with it – and are even the only ones who have the legitimate right to do so. This clearly antipaternalistic argument means excluding any reflection on human dignity that authorises serious (or not) restrictions on personal freedom. This does not, however, mean that one should renounce any moral eval ...
full text pdf
... can be applied in a crisis situation in order to achieve moral good. He holds the view that in such situations wrong moral actions cannot be avoided because there is no ideal alternative. Therefore, emotions, or the feeling of guilt, become more important. Likewise, Ján Kalajtzidis in his article “E ...
... can be applied in a crisis situation in order to achieve moral good. He holds the view that in such situations wrong moral actions cannot be avoided because there is no ideal alternative. Therefore, emotions, or the feeling of guilt, become more important. Likewise, Ján Kalajtzidis in his article “E ...
1 Kantian Moral Psychology Michelle A. Schwarze Ph.D. Candidate
... speculative philosophy – for whom morality is “more properly felt than judg’d of” (Treatise of Human Nature III.I.2.1). For the Scots, moral worth (and moral approbation) is based on perception rather than reason. Kant claims, however, that moral worth is imbued in action only by our choice to act i ...
... speculative philosophy – for whom morality is “more properly felt than judg’d of” (Treatise of Human Nature III.I.2.1). For the Scots, moral worth (and moral approbation) is based on perception rather than reason. Kant claims, however, that moral worth is imbued in action only by our choice to act i ...
Virtue Ethicspp
... MacIntyre calls the virtues or qualities of character 'internal goods'. He says we also place value on 'external goods'. Aristotle would have agreed here. The idea that we could be 'penniless but happy' did not come from Aristotle. He would have said that having good food, a decent place to live and ...
... MacIntyre calls the virtues or qualities of character 'internal goods'. He says we also place value on 'external goods'. Aristotle would have agreed here. The idea that we could be 'penniless but happy' did not come from Aristotle. He would have said that having good food, a decent place to live and ...
Ethics – Part 1
... that are clearly right, some of which will be better than others. There will be a range of solutions that are clearly wrong. ...
... that are clearly right, some of which will be better than others. There will be a range of solutions that are clearly wrong. ...
answers - Novella
... with the company’s top executives to ensure their support of any actions you want to take regarding setting up a code of conduct. The unconditional support of top management is vital to the success of a corporate ethics code. The next step most likely is to develop a set of standards of acceptable b ...
... with the company’s top executives to ensure their support of any actions you want to take regarding setting up a code of conduct. The unconditional support of top management is vital to the success of a corporate ethics code. The next step most likely is to develop a set of standards of acceptable b ...
The Role of Happiness in Kant`s Ethics - Aporia
... Kant writes, “When a thoughtful human being has overcome incentives to vice and is aware of having done his often bitter duty, he finds himself in a state that could well be called happiness, a state of contentment and peace of soul in which virtue is its own reward.”47 This happiness is not, as the ...
... Kant writes, “When a thoughtful human being has overcome incentives to vice and is aware of having done his often bitter duty, he finds himself in a state that could well be called happiness, a state of contentment and peace of soul in which virtue is its own reward.”47 This happiness is not, as the ...
Kantian ethics
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Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim – the principle behind it – is duty to the moral law. Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires. Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways. His principle of universalisability requires that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring. His formulation of humanity as an end in itself requires that humans are never treated merely as a means to an end, but always also as ends in themselves. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom. Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties. A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie, always holds true; an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place.American philosopher Louis Pojman has cited Pietism, political philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the modern debate between rationalism and empiricism, and the influence of natural law as influences on the development of Kant's ethics. Other philosophers have argued that Kant's parents and his teacher, Martin Knutzen, influenced his ethics. Those influenced by Kantian ethics include philosopher Jürgen Habermas, political philosopher John Rawls, and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel criticised Kant for not providing specific enough detail in his moral theory to affect decision-making and for denying human nature. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that ethics should attempt to describe how people behave and criticised Kant for being prescriptive. Michael Stocker has argued that acting out of duty can diminish other moral motivations such as friendship, while Marcia Baron has defended the theory by arguing that duty does not diminish other motivations. The Catholic Church has criticised Kant's ethics as contradictory and regards Christian ethics as more compatible with virtue ethics.The claim that all humans are due dignity and respect as autonomous agents means that medical professionals should be happy for their treatments to be performed upon anyone, and that patients must never be treated merely as useful for society. Kant's approach to sexual ethics emerged from his view that humans should never be used merely as a means to an end, leading him to regard sexual activity as degrading and to condemn certain specific sexual practices. Feminist philosophers have used Kantian ethics to condemn practices such as prostitution and pornography because they do not treat women as ends. Kant also believed that, because animals do not possess rationality, we cannot have duties to them except indirect duties not to develop immoral dispositions through cruelty towards them. Kant used the example of lying as an application of his ethics: because there is a perfect duty to tell the truth, we must never lie, even if it seems that lying would bring about better consequences than telling the truth.