Advanced Microscopy
... arm, which allows a higher resolution in the depth of the sample. Objects which are not in the image plane are virtually cut out by ...
... arm, which allows a higher resolution in the depth of the sample. Objects which are not in the image plane are virtually cut out by ...
Optically induced forces in scanning probe microscopy
... may be measured largely limited only by the imagination and ingenuity of the researcher. As a result, forces such as chemical, biological, magnetic and electrostatic are routinely measured [1–4]. Because SPMs are essentially interaction microscopies, understanding the phenomenology of the interactio ...
... may be measured largely limited only by the imagination and ingenuity of the researcher. As a result, forces such as chemical, biological, magnetic and electrostatic are routinely measured [1–4]. Because SPMs are essentially interaction microscopies, understanding the phenomenology of the interactio ...
Transparent Waveplate (Retarder) - Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
... measured spectra closely agree with each other in terms of the proximity of the target wavelength. The measurements show substantial differences from the calculated values on the longer wavelength side. This is interpreted as resulting from two causes: the design assumed that at the air gap, the out ...
... measured spectra closely agree with each other in terms of the proximity of the target wavelength. The measurements show substantial differences from the calculated values on the longer wavelength side. This is interpreted as resulting from two causes: the design assumed that at the air gap, the out ...
Laser Damage Threshold
... pulse durations τ in the nanosecond (ns) to microsecond (µs) range, with repetition rates R typically ranging from about 1 to 100 Hz. Because the time between pulses is so large (milliseconds), the irradiated material is able to thermally relax—as a result damage is generally not heat-induced, but r ...
... pulse durations τ in the nanosecond (ns) to microsecond (µs) range, with repetition rates R typically ranging from about 1 to 100 Hz. Because the time between pulses is so large (milliseconds), the irradiated material is able to thermally relax—as a result damage is generally not heat-induced, but r ...
Testing the Limits
... conditions LDT scales linearly by wavelength. Higher damage thresholds have been seen for pulsed lasers at longer wavelengths. • LDT may have a dependence on the energy gap between the energy levels, with larger band gaps displaying higher LDT. However, this trend changes when non-linear optical ef ...
... conditions LDT scales linearly by wavelength. Higher damage thresholds have been seen for pulsed lasers at longer wavelengths. • LDT may have a dependence on the energy gap between the energy levels, with larger band gaps displaying higher LDT. However, this trend changes when non-linear optical ef ...
XRD - Shodhganga
... radiation should be comparable to the spacing between the scatterers. The wave length of visible light is too high to observe to observe diffraction of crystals. Wave length of X-rays is comparable to the unit cell spacing in the crystal. That means, crystals can be used as diffraction gratings for ...
... radiation should be comparable to the spacing between the scatterers. The wave length of visible light is too high to observe to observe diffraction of crystals. Wave length of X-rays is comparable to the unit cell spacing in the crystal. That means, crystals can be used as diffraction gratings for ...
Laser Hazard Identification Checklist
... working zone for Class 3R lasers) at all times for Class 3R, 3B and 4 lasers. For UV lasers, gloves, long sleeve laboratory coats and face shields may also be necessary. Class 4 lasers especially are a potential fire hazard and protective clothing worn should be made from a suitable flame and heat r ...
... working zone for Class 3R lasers) at all times for Class 3R, 3B and 4 lasers. For UV lasers, gloves, long sleeve laboratory coats and face shields may also be necessary. Class 4 lasers especially are a potential fire hazard and protective clothing worn should be made from a suitable flame and heat r ...
Characterization of Thin-Film Polyamide Nanofiltration Membranes
... bilayers of PDAD-MAC and PSS changed the magnitude of the surface charge upon deposition. When PDAD-MAC was deposited on the surface, the negatively charged surface became positively charged. When PSS, a polyanion, was deposited, the magnitude of the membrane’s surface charge was reversed again. AFM ...
... bilayers of PDAD-MAC and PSS changed the magnitude of the surface charge upon deposition. When PDAD-MAC was deposited on the surface, the negatively charged surface became positively charged. When PSS, a polyanion, was deposited, the magnitude of the membrane’s surface charge was reversed again. AFM ...
A Comparative Study of Laser Induced Plasma Micro
... of achieved depths and aspect ratios of the channels at the best focusing condition, as compared to laser ablation. The greatest benefit is seen for the polymer with the lowest melting point (ABS plastic), with a depth improvement of up to 86% and aspect-ratio improvement of up to 260%. For LDPE and ...
... of achieved depths and aspect ratios of the channels at the best focusing condition, as compared to laser ablation. The greatest benefit is seen for the polymer with the lowest melting point (ABS plastic), with a depth improvement of up to 86% and aspect-ratio improvement of up to 260%. For LDPE and ...
Metal surface structuring with spatiotemporally focused femtosecond
... presented in Fig. 3(d-f). The pulse energy increases from the upper to the lower row, of which the values are directly indicated in the caption of Fig. 3. In all the fabrication process, the writing speed ...
... presented in Fig. 3(d-f). The pulse energy increases from the upper to the lower row, of which the values are directly indicated in the caption of Fig. 3. In all the fabrication process, the writing speed ...
Aberration-Corrected Analytical Electron Microscopy of Transition Metal Nitride and Silicon Nitride Multilayers
... A sub category of coatings are thin films where the thickness is less than a couple of micrometers and can be made as thin as a few, or even single, atomic layers. Such thin coatings can be found in everyday objects such as mirrors, where the reflection is enabled by the thin metallic layer on the b ...
... A sub category of coatings are thin films where the thickness is less than a couple of micrometers and can be made as thin as a few, or even single, atomic layers. Such thin coatings can be found in everyday objects such as mirrors, where the reflection is enabled by the thin metallic layer on the b ...
Helium Neon Laser - Abbe School of Photonics
... slit (Fig. 8). Due to the difference in phase the waves from different slits mainly cancel one ...
... slit (Fig. 8). Due to the difference in phase the waves from different slits mainly cancel one ...
FREE ELECTRON LASER
... Because Compton scattering is complicated in itself, it is easier to say that the electrons are forced onto a sinus path by the undulator and then switch in a rest frame moving along the undulator, where the electrons are oscillating, but not moving otherwise, and emit dipole radiation, and than swi ...
... Because Compton scattering is complicated in itself, it is easier to say that the electrons are forced onto a sinus path by the undulator and then switch in a rest frame moving along the undulator, where the electrons are oscillating, but not moving otherwise, and emit dipole radiation, and than swi ...
Full text
... fundamental wavelength of the QCL. Below band-gap irradiation, such as that occurring during device operation, is confirmed to have no effect on the material. Studies of the output of QCLs reveal for the first time mode shifting of the spectra as a result of optical modification to a cladding layer. ...
... fundamental wavelength of the QCL. Below band-gap irradiation, such as that occurring during device operation, is confirmed to have no effect on the material. Studies of the output of QCLs reveal for the first time mode shifting of the spectra as a result of optical modification to a cladding layer. ...
Direct welding of fused silica with femtosecond fiber laser
... longer lengths and subsequently larger total areas, meanwhile it can also prevent the over stressing or fracturing of the bottom substrate. The sample is moving together with the linear stage and the focused laser beam is irradiated from top in transverse direction. The linear motion stage and the d ...
... longer lengths and subsequently larger total areas, meanwhile it can also prevent the over stressing or fracturing of the bottom substrate. The sample is moving together with the linear stage and the focused laser beam is irradiated from top in transverse direction. The linear motion stage and the d ...
Advanced Applications
... through a quarter-wave plate and a polarizing beamsplitter (Wollaston prism). The dispersion-like curve generated from the difference between the two signals (as shown in the graph to the right), provides an error signal for the frequency lock. The quarter-wave plate placed after the vapor cell can ...
... through a quarter-wave plate and a polarizing beamsplitter (Wollaston prism). The dispersion-like curve generated from the difference between the two signals (as shown in the graph to the right), provides an error signal for the frequency lock. The quarter-wave plate placed after the vapor cell can ...
Anti-Stokes luminescence cooling of Tm3+doped
... glasses and crystals due the small excited-state absorption. An important milestone was the observation of laser cooling in the presence of excited state absorption using Tm 3+ :ZBLAN [5]. The Tm 3+ :ZBLAN material system also provides an approximate two-fold increase in quantum efficiency, which sc ...
... glasses and crystals due the small excited-state absorption. An important milestone was the observation of laser cooling in the presence of excited state absorption using Tm 3+ :ZBLAN [5]. The Tm 3+ :ZBLAN material system also provides an approximate two-fold increase in quantum efficiency, which sc ...
Absolute Specular Reflectance Measurements at Fixed
... measurements. In addition, because two separate areas of the sample are involved in the VW measurement, errors may result if the sample is inhomogeneous. Measurement accuracy is also limited when the VW optical design is used during the measurement of very low or very high reflectance samples, such ...
... measurements. In addition, because two separate areas of the sample are involved in the VW measurement, errors may result if the sample is inhomogeneous. Measurement accuracy is also limited when the VW optical design is used during the measurement of very low or very high reflectance samples, such ...
Picosecond laser ablation system with process control
... bonding energy. In effect, removing of material occurs as a result of fragmentation of molecules without significant thermal damage. Among parameters describing ablation process the most important seem to be absorption coefficient α and heat diffusivity κ. High absorption coefficient and low heat di ...
... bonding energy. In effect, removing of material occurs as a result of fragmentation of molecules without significant thermal damage. Among parameters describing ablation process the most important seem to be absorption coefficient α and heat diffusivity κ. High absorption coefficient and low heat di ...
Characterization of Nano Materials using Electron Microscopy
... sample by elastic scattering. BSE are often used in analytical SEM along with the spectra made from the characteristic x-rays. Because the intensity of the BSE signal is strongly related to the atomic number (Z) of the specimen, BSE images can provide information about the distribution of different ...
... sample by elastic scattering. BSE are often used in analytical SEM along with the spectra made from the characteristic x-rays. Because the intensity of the BSE signal is strongly related to the atomic number (Z) of the specimen, BSE images can provide information about the distribution of different ...
A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
... positions but rather to electronic state density, giving rise to the contrast observed between the two unique atoms in the surface unit cell. The relevant quantum mechanical concepts are also first introduced in this experiment. The students collect both I−z (current vs tip position) and I−V (current ...
... positions but rather to electronic state density, giving rise to the contrast observed between the two unique atoms in the surface unit cell. The relevant quantum mechanical concepts are also first introduced in this experiment. The students collect both I−z (current vs tip position) and I−V (current ...
Observation of surface enhanced multiphoton photoemission from
... motive acceleration.4 Furthermore, we ensure that the average number of electrons emitted per pulse is on the order of one in order to avoid space charge effects as discussed by Petite et al.8 In the present study, electrons with as much as 7 eV kinetic energy have been measured. The present work is ...
... motive acceleration.4 Furthermore, we ensure that the average number of electrons emitted per pulse is on the order of one in order to avoid space charge effects as discussed by Petite et al.8 In the present study, electrons with as much as 7 eV kinetic energy have been measured. The present work is ...
Transversal ultrasonic probe
... tips1. In many cases implying simultaneous detection of shear and longitudinal components, it can be very difficult to detect selectively one component from the other particularly when sub-wavelength contacts interactions are concerned. At the same time, the nature of the contact between the probed ...
... tips1. In many cases implying simultaneous detection of shear and longitudinal components, it can be very difficult to detect selectively one component from the other particularly when sub-wavelength contacts interactions are concerned. At the same time, the nature of the contact between the probed ...
Laser in dentistry
... laser beam can be very small (insignificant), the laser light is highly collimated which means that there is minimum loss of power along the laser beam. Brightness: As laser light travels in a parallel bundle ,so it maintains its concentration, and thus is very intense light. Coherent: The unique c ...
... laser beam can be very small (insignificant), the laser light is highly collimated which means that there is minimum loss of power along the laser beam. Brightness: As laser light travels in a parallel bundle ,so it maintains its concentration, and thus is very intense light. Coherent: The unique c ...
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces.