The wide blue yonder
... To stabilize the transverse modes, a very narrow 2µmwide dielectric ridge is currently used, but this results in the p-type electrode having a very small surface area, which increases the contact resistance to tens of ohms, pushing up the operating voltage of blue-violet lasers and creating heat. Th ...
... To stabilize the transverse modes, a very narrow 2µmwide dielectric ridge is currently used, but this results in the p-type electrode having a very small surface area, which increases the contact resistance to tens of ohms, pushing up the operating voltage of blue-violet lasers and creating heat. Th ...
TANNIC ACID
... sources; the substance is not an acid in the chemical sense. The common name "Tannic acid" has been adopted to distinguish the commercial substance from other tannins, such as condensed tannins. These specifications relate only to hydrolysable gallotannins, i.e., those which yield gallic acid on hyd ...
... sources; the substance is not an acid in the chemical sense. The common name "Tannic acid" has been adopted to distinguish the commercial substance from other tannins, such as condensed tannins. These specifications relate only to hydrolysable gallotannins, i.e., those which yield gallic acid on hyd ...
Laser Systems for Inverse Compton Scattering Gamma
... methods of production of the photocathode drive UV pulse in the pulse format compatible with the interaction drive laser system can be considered, including the use of active and passive recirculation. Choices of laser materials for interaction drive laser systems are similarly driven by the specifi ...
... methods of production of the photocathode drive UV pulse in the pulse format compatible with the interaction drive laser system can be considered, including the use of active and passive recirculation. Choices of laser materials for interaction drive laser systems are similarly driven by the specifi ...
Effects of the Thickness of Niobium Surface Oxide Layers on Field
... a special shape that is suitable for scanning via the SFEM. Eight specially shaped Nb samples were employed in this study. One sample was kept as the control. The others were subjected to anodization treatments in the mixture of ammonium hydroxide and de-ionized water at a volume ratio of 1:5. Diffe ...
... a special shape that is suitable for scanning via the SFEM. Eight specially shaped Nb samples were employed in this study. One sample was kept as the control. The others were subjected to anodization treatments in the mixture of ammonium hydroxide and de-ionized water at a volume ratio of 1:5. Diffe ...
Microsoft Word Format - University of Toronto Physics
... A laser is an optical oscillator and thus consists of an amplifier with positive feedback. The amplification in a He-Ne laser arises in the glow discharge while feedback of the optical radiation is provided by two highly reflecting, well aligned mirrors. The conditions necessary for amplification ar ...
... A laser is an optical oscillator and thus consists of an amplifier with positive feedback. The amplification in a He-Ne laser arises in the glow discharge while feedback of the optical radiation is provided by two highly reflecting, well aligned mirrors. The conditions necessary for amplification ar ...
HeNe The Helium-Neon Laser - University of Toronto Physics
... However, with only slight misalignment, you can excite several different transverse modes. Observe and identify several of the transverse modes. Simply look at the beam on the far wall and change the mode pattern by adjusting the position and size of the diaphragm or by adjusting the laser mirrors. ...
... However, with only slight misalignment, you can excite several different transverse modes. Observe and identify several of the transverse modes. Simply look at the beam on the far wall and change the mode pattern by adjusting the position and size of the diaphragm or by adjusting the laser mirrors. ...
Tensile Testing
... ELASTICITY - a material property that allows it to retain its original dimensions after removal of a deforming load. STIFFNESS - a material property that allows a material to withstand high stress without great strain. ...
... ELASTICITY - a material property that allows it to retain its original dimensions after removal of a deforming load. STIFFNESS - a material property that allows a material to withstand high stress without great strain. ...
Nanofabrication via Atom Optics with Chromium
... Chromium is in many ways an excellent material for fabrication of nanostructures. The grain size is typically very small (of order 5 nm or less), the surface mobility is very low, and the stability under exposure to air is excellent due to the tough, thin (about 1 nm) self-passivating oxide that for ...
... Chromium is in many ways an excellent material for fabrication of nanostructures. The grain size is typically very small (of order 5 nm or less), the surface mobility is very low, and the stability under exposure to air is excellent due to the tough, thin (about 1 nm) self-passivating oxide that for ...
The Effects of Varying Force and Contact on ATR
... When the sample contact is perfect the absorbance values at 1000 cm-1 are similar to those that would be observed in transmission with a pathlength of around 2-4 µm. This is considerably larger than dp since the evanescent field extends significantly beyond the penetration depth. ...
... When the sample contact is perfect the absorbance values at 1000 cm-1 are similar to those that would be observed in transmission with a pathlength of around 2-4 µm. This is considerably larger than dp since the evanescent field extends significantly beyond the penetration depth. ...
Lasers incorporating 2D photonic bandgap mirrors
... allows the 2D mirror pattern to be transferred into the semiconductor. The surface mask consists of a 60nm thick layer of SiO,, followed by 5nm of Cr and 50nm of Au. Finally, a 70nm layer of 2% PMMA (polymethyl methacyclate) is used as electron beam resist. A hexagonal array of holes is first defmed ...
... allows the 2D mirror pattern to be transferred into the semiconductor. The surface mask consists of a 60nm thick layer of SiO,, followed by 5nm of Cr and 50nm of Au. Finally, a 70nm layer of 2% PMMA (polymethyl methacyclate) is used as electron beam resist. A hexagonal array of holes is first defmed ...
On-surface photo-dissociation of C
... XPS measurements were performed at the I311 beamline at the MAX-IV laboratory (Lund, Sweden). The spectra were obtained in normal incidence geometry, the photoelectron detection angle being 55° off the surface normal, with a kinetic energy resolution of 50 meV. The Au 4f7/2 core level was used as re ...
... XPS measurements were performed at the I311 beamline at the MAX-IV laboratory (Lund, Sweden). The spectra were obtained in normal incidence geometry, the photoelectron detection angle being 55° off the surface normal, with a kinetic energy resolution of 50 meV. The Au 4f7/2 core level was used as re ...
Reflection-mode scanning near-field optical microscopy: Influence
... This is already indicated by Fig. 7, as both edges of each Cr line are clearly different for both images. For one edge of each line, the measured edge sharpness is about 15 nm, whereas the other edge has a sharpness of about 70 nm. This effect is further illustrated in Fig. 8. This shows shear force ...
... This is already indicated by Fig. 7, as both edges of each Cr line are clearly different for both images. For one edge of each line, the measured edge sharpness is about 15 nm, whereas the other edge has a sharpness of about 70 nm. This effect is further illustrated in Fig. 8. This shows shear force ...
Design for a Compact Tunable Ti:Sapphire Laser.
... with a periodicity of 16 GHz and a minimum (maximum) transmission of 5% (10%). This is sufficient to suppress all longitudinal modes but two. Because of spatial hole burning, the two remaining modes acquire their gain from different regions inside the crystal, and it is difficult to suppress one of ...
... with a periodicity of 16 GHz and a minimum (maximum) transmission of 5% (10%). This is sufficient to suppress all longitudinal modes but two. Because of spatial hole burning, the two remaining modes acquire their gain from different regions inside the crystal, and it is difficult to suppress one of ...
four workable ways to determine the height of a tall building using a
... originally posed to Niels Bohr, but that it had involved a barometer rather than a laser. Others believed that the problem can trace its roots to a physics professor who asked his students on an exam how to measure the height of the building using a barometer; one clever student eschewed the expecte ...
... originally posed to Niels Bohr, but that it had involved a barometer rather than a laser. Others believed that the problem can trace its roots to a physics professor who asked his students on an exam how to measure the height of the building using a barometer; one clever student eschewed the expecte ...
Laser Beam Welding
... LBM, since the beams can be focused, aligned and directed by optical elements. 6) Laser beam can be focused on a small area, permitting the joining of small, closely spaced components with tiny welds. 7) Wide variety of materials including various combinations can be welded. 8) Thin welds on small d ...
... LBM, since the beams can be focused, aligned and directed by optical elements. 6) Laser beam can be focused on a small area, permitting the joining of small, closely spaced components with tiny welds. 7) Wide variety of materials including various combinations can be welded. 8) Thin welds on small d ...
1489_1.pdf
... patterns are plotted as polar graphs in Fig.2. In each graph, the tip is located at the origin and the direction of the incident wave is shown as a black arrow. Diffraction patterns of the LdfL-waves with incident angles from 0° to 60° are shown in Fig.2(a) and diffraction patterns of the SdfS-waves ...
... patterns are plotted as polar graphs in Fig.2. In each graph, the tip is located at the origin and the direction of the incident wave is shown as a black arrow. Diffraction patterns of the LdfL-waves with incident angles from 0° to 60° are shown in Fig.2(a) and diffraction patterns of the SdfS-waves ...
Exciton quantum confinement in nanocones formed on a surface of
... The decrease of Zn atoms concentration in the top layer with increased intensity of LR, according to the proposed model, leads to the ‘red shift’ of the exciton bands in PL spectra, as was shown in [21], but increase of the Zn atoms concentration in the buried CdZnTe layer manifests itself in the bl ...
... The decrease of Zn atoms concentration in the top layer with increased intensity of LR, according to the proposed model, leads to the ‘red shift’ of the exciton bands in PL spectra, as was shown in [21], but increase of the Zn atoms concentration in the buried CdZnTe layer manifests itself in the bl ...
supplemental_material
... With these approximations, the rear mirror effect can be calculated with a rather simple round-trip model (Figure 3). The transmitted part of light T that leaves the sample upon illumination from the bSi side hits the rear mirror at an angle of incidence of 0°. Given that Al exhibits a reflectance ...
... With these approximations, the rear mirror effect can be calculated with a rather simple round-trip model (Figure 3). The transmitted part of light T that leaves the sample upon illumination from the bSi side hits the rear mirror at an angle of incidence of 0°. Given that Al exhibits a reflectance ...
Precision High Numerical Aperture Scanning System for
... process is due to accumulated thermal energy when a tightly focused laser beam experiences two-photon absorption in only the focal volume. This technology has now been demonstrated in writing refractive corrections directly into live cornea [3] where it is termed IRIS, for intratissue refractive sur ...
... process is due to accumulated thermal energy when a tightly focused laser beam experiences two-photon absorption in only the focal volume. This technology has now been demonstrated in writing refractive corrections directly into live cornea [3] where it is termed IRIS, for intratissue refractive sur ...
Surface Texture Effect on Luster of Anodized Aluminum
... image. Due to the confocal configuration of the system, only the focused wavelength will pass through the spatial filter with high efficiency, thus causing all other wavelengths to be out of focus. The spectral analysis is done using a diffraction grating. This technique deviates each wavelength at ...
... image. Due to the confocal configuration of the system, only the focused wavelength will pass through the spatial filter with high efficiency, thus causing all other wavelengths to be out of focus. The spectral analysis is done using a diffraction grating. This technique deviates each wavelength at ...
Noniterative Exact Solution to the Phase Problem in Optical Imaging Implemented with Scanning Probe Microscope.
... implemented to retrieve phase,16 but all of the algorithms are iterative and subject to problems of iterative algorithms such as nonconvergence, slow convergence, convergence to local minima, and stagnation.5,7,8 Also, they depend on external parameters to control convergence and noise damping, som ...
... implemented to retrieve phase,16 but all of the algorithms are iterative and subject to problems of iterative algorithms such as nonconvergence, slow convergence, convergence to local minima, and stagnation.5,7,8 Also, they depend on external parameters to control convergence and noise damping, som ...
Design of Trapezoidal Cantilever Beam for HIV Virus Detection
... the HIV virus which is roughly circular in nature and has diameter of 120nm.The size of this virus is more compared to average size of other viruses. Since the area at the tip is small HIV virus can be effectively detected using the trapezoidal model of cantilever beam. The piezoelectric voltage obt ...
... the HIV virus which is roughly circular in nature and has diameter of 120nm.The size of this virus is more compared to average size of other viruses. Since the area at the tip is small HIV virus can be effectively detected using the trapezoidal model of cantilever beam. The piezoelectric voltage obt ...
Tabletop nanometer extreme ultraviolet imaging in an
... eliminated for any structure of interest that is not near the edge of the scan range. Ptychography solves for the complex amplitudes of both the object and the probe (or incident beam) simultaneously [12,24]. As a result, reliable quantitative information about the object can be obtained from the re ...
... eliminated for any structure of interest that is not near the edge of the scan range. Ptychography solves for the complex amplitudes of both the object and the probe (or incident beam) simultaneously [12,24]. As a result, reliable quantitative information about the object can be obtained from the re ...
Extreme Sensitivity in Photoacoustics by Using Optical Cantilever
... increase of A and the decrease of h will increase the sensitivity. But there is a maximum, which cannot be further improved by this mean. This is due to so called ‘breathing effect’: the air flow in and out of the gap between the electrodes requires energy, and therefore greates a strong damping on ...
... increase of A and the decrease of h will increase the sensitivity. But there is a maximum, which cannot be further improved by this mean. This is due to so called ‘breathing effect’: the air flow in and out of the gap between the electrodes requires energy, and therefore greates a strong damping on ...
Optical Microscopy Beyond the Diffraction Limit
... Fig 4. Experimental setup used for characterizing internal optical fields inside guidedwave devices. Light from tunable laser is launched into the device under test, and the transmitted light is analyzed. The NSOM probe is scanned over the surface of the device, measuring both topography and samplin ...
... Fig 4. Experimental setup used for characterizing internal optical fields inside guidedwave devices. Light from tunable laser is launched into the device under test, and the transmitted light is analyzed. The NSOM probe is scanned over the surface of the device, measuring both topography and samplin ...
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces.